报告显示中国农业以较低碳强度支撑粮食安全
The report shows that China's agriculture supports food security with lower carbon intensity
2030年前实现碳达峰、2060年前实现碳中和，农业农村减排固碳既是重要举措，也是潜力所在。
To achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, carbon sequestration in agriculture and rural areas is both an important measure and a potential source.
3月31日，中国农业农村低碳发展论坛暨第十六届农业环境峰会发布了《2023中国农业农村低碳发展报告》(以下简称《报告》)。农业农村部党组成员、中国农业科学院院长吴孔明院士表示，《报告》是中国农科院发布、国内首份农业农村领域低碳发展并持续跟踪研究的报告，展现了我国农业农村绿色低碳取得的阶段性成果，是我国农业农村践行绿色发展的有力证明。
On March 31, the China Agriculture and Rural Low Carbon Development Forum and the 16th Agricultural Environment Summit released the 2023 China Agriculture and Rural Low Carbon Development Report (hereinafter referred to as the Report). Wu Kongming, member of the Party Leadership Group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and president of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that the report is the first report released by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences on low-carbon development in agriculture and rural areas in China and continues to follow up research. It shows the phased achievements of green low-carbon development in agriculture and rural areas in China, and is a strong proof that China practices green development in agriculture and rural areas.
我国农业碳排放总体强度较低
The overall intensity of agricultural carbon emissions is low in China.
要实现农业农村绿色低碳发展和减排固碳，首先要摸清现状。《报告》显示，我国农业碳排放总体强度较低，单位农业GDP碳排放、人均碳排放及人均农业人口碳排放均远低于美国。碳排放强度一般指碳强度。碳强度是指单位GDP的二氧化碳排放量。在作物生产过程中，关键排放环节是化肥生产和施用，占碳排放强度的79.7%~89.5%。
To achieve green and low-carbon development in agriculture and rural areas and reduce emissions and sequestration of carbon, we must first understand the current situation. According to the report, the overall intensity of China's agricultural carbon emissions is low, and carbon emissions per unit of agricultural GDP, per capita and per capita agricultural population are far lower than those in the United States. Carbon emission intensity generally refers to carbon intensity. Carbon intensity is the amount of carbon dioxide emitted per unit of GDP. In the process of crop production, the key emission link is fertilizer production and application, accounting for 79.7%-89.5% of carbon emission intensity.
从碳排放强度的时间变化来看，近年来，我国采取了一系列稳定粮食生产政策措施和专项行动，其中每年投入1000亿元左右的资金支持高标准农田建设。高标准农田建设既能提高节水灌溉等新技术采纳率，又可以抑制碳排放强度，具有显著的粮食增产与碳减排协同作用。数据显示，2003年以后，我国进入了粮食安全和碳排放的脱钩期，粮食产量快速增长，农业碳排放总量稳中有降，单位粮食产量的碳排放强度持续下降。此外，我国大豆、马铃薯、甘蔗等单位农作物的碳排放强度也呈下降趋势。
According to the time change of carbon emission intensity, our country has taken a series of policy measures and special actions to stabilize food production in recent years, among which about 100 billion yuan is invested annually to support high standard farmland construction. The construction of high-standard farmland can not only improve the adoption rate of new technologies such as water-saving irrigation, but also restrain carbon emission intensity, which has a significant synergistic effect of grain yield increase and carbon emission reduction. Data show that after 2003, China entered a period of decoupling of food security and carbon emissions. Grain output increased rapidly, total agricultural carbon emissions stabilized but declined, and carbon emission intensity per unit grain output continued to decline. In addition, the carbon emission intensity of soybean, potato and sugarcane also showed a downward trend.
减排举措上，我国近年来推出了一系列农业减排固碳战略、政策和技术措施研发推广等，已基本建立了农业农村绿色低碳转型的战略、政策和技术体系。如构建秸秆还田下水稻丰产与甲烷减排的稻作新模式，实现水稻增产最高达8.8%、氮肥利用增效超过30%、稻作节本增收8.3%~9.7%和甲烷减排31.5%~71.7%的显著效果。在育种方面，我国培育并推广节水抗旱稻，每亩稻田甲烷排放降低90%~95%，在安徽、湖北、浙江、海南等地年种植面积超过300万亩。在推进化肥减量增效、降低农田氧化亚氮排放方面，2020年，全国农用化肥施用折纯量比2016年减少12.3%，测土配方施肥19.3亿亩次，比2015年增加17.7%。同时，2020年全国畜禽粪污综合利用率达到76%，甲烷和氧化亚氮减排率超过30%。
In terms of emission reduction measures, China has launched a series of agricultural carbon reduction strategy, policies and technical measures research and development promotion in recent years, has basically established agriculture and rural green low-carbon transformation strategy, policy and technology system. For example, a new model of rice cultivation with high rice yield and methane emission reduction under straw returning was established, which could achieve a rice yield increase of up to 8.8%, a nitrogen fertilizer utilization increase of more than 30%, a rice crop cost saving increase of 8.3%-9.7% and a methane emission reduction of 31.5%-71.7%. In terms of breeding, our country cultivated and popularized water-saving and drought-resistant rice, reducing methane emission per mu by 90% to 95%. The annual planting area is more than 3 million mu in Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and Hainan. To reduce the efficiency of chemical fertilizers and reduce the emission of nitrous oxide from farmland, in 2020, the conversion amount of agricultural chemical fertilizers was 12.3% lower than in 2016, and 1.93 billion mu of soil was measured for formula fertilization, an increase of 17.7% over 2015. Meanwhile, by 2020, the overall utilization rate of livestock and poultry manure will reach 76%, and the reduction rate of methane and nitrous oxide will exceed 30%.
低碳农业急需全链条整体解决方案
Low-carbon agriculture urgently needs whole-chain solutions
“然而，我国农业农村低碳发展也存在着诸多问题和挑战。”《报告》发布人、中国农科院副院长梅旭荣说。总体上看，我国低碳农业涉及生产环节多、覆盖面广，需要更加深刻的调整和变革，需要一系列全方位而非单一方面的解决方案。生态低碳农业发展，要求在减排固碳的同时，还要做到保护和改善农业生态环境，降低自然资源消耗和污染，提高农业生产效率和经济效益。目前，我国区域适用性低碳农业综合模式集成度较低，种植业和养殖业较难实现真正的结合，导致贯穿农业生产各个环节的全链条整体解决方案构建难度较大。
"However, there are many problems and challenges in low-carbon development of Chinese agriculture and rural areas." Mei Xurong, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said the report's publisher. On the whole, Chinese low-carbon agriculture involves more production links, the coverage is wide, needs more profound adjustment and reform, needs a series of comprehensive rather than a single aspect of the solution. The development of ecological low-carbon agriculture requires that, while reducing emissions and sequestration of carbon, we should also protect and improve the agricultural ecological environment, reduce the consumption and pollution of natural resources, and improve agricultural production efficiency and economic benefits. At present, the integration degree of regional applicability of low carbon agricultural integrated mode is low in our country, so it is difficult to realize the true combination of planting and aquaculture industries, which leads to the greater difficulty in constructing the whole chain solution through each link of agricultural production.
《报告》同时指出，我国农业规模化生产水平低、减排模式集成不足，低碳发展与提质增效未形成合力。梅旭荣介绍，在种植业减排方面，我国种植业生产温室气体排放基数大，缺乏颠覆性的增产减排关键技术，需要进一步探索减污降碳协同路径和丰产减排协同生产模式。在养殖业减排方面，与发达国家相比，我国畜禽养殖量大且处于转型升级阶段，存在畜禽遗传育种滞后、规模化比重不高、优质饲草料不足、疫病多发频发和种养结合不紧密等诸多问题，繁殖效率与生产水平同发达国家相比差距较大，单位动物温室气体排放因子高，需要不断提高动物的生产性能，实现高效养殖与温室气体减排协同。
At the same time, the report points out that our country has a low level of agricultural large-scale production, insufficient integration of emission reduction mode, and no resultant force between low carbon development and improving quality and efficiency. Mei Xurong introduced that in terms of the emission reduction of planting industry, China's planting industry has a large greenhouse gas emission base and lacks subversive key technologies for increasing production and reducing emission. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the collaborative path of reducing pollution and carbon and the collaborative production mode of high yield and reducing emission. In terms of breeding and emission reduction, compared with developed countries, Chinese livestock and poultry breeding is large and at the stage of transformation and upgrading. There are many problems, such as backward genetic breeding of livestock and poultry, low scale proportion, lack of high quality forage, frequent occurrence of diseases and loose combination of breeding and breeding, etc. The breeding efficiency and production level have a big gap compared with developed countries, and the unit animal greenhouse gas emission factor is high. It is necessary to continuously improve the production performance of animals and achieve synergy between efficient breeding and greenhouse gas emission reduction.
此外，农田草地固碳的巨大潜力尚待挖掘，突破性固碳技术缺乏，激励政策措施仍需深化。如在农田土壤固碳方面，目前，我国农田碳汇技术创新和引领性不足，国家科技计划和专业研究机构投入强度较低，成熟高效的农田碳汇技术和产品不够。而对草原生态系统固碳潜力、碳汇能力的研究也才刚刚起步。
In addition, the huge potential of farmland and grassland carbon sequestration remains to be tapped, breakthrough carbon sequestration technologies are lacking, and incentive policies and measures still need to be deepened. For example, in the field of farmland soil carbon sequestration, at present, Chinese farmland carbon sink technology innovation and leadership is insufficient, national science and technology plans and professional research institutions investment intensity is low, mature and efficient farmland carbon sink technology and products are insufficient. The research on the carbon sequestration potential and carbon sequestration capacity of grassland ecosystem has just started.
协同推进丰产增效与绿色低碳发展
We will work together to increase productivity and efficiency and promote green and low-carbon development
农业农村如何更好地走向绿色低碳的未来？《报告》指出，目前我国已制定了《农业农村减排固碳实施方案》，编制了农业农村减排固碳科技创新需求清单。当前，细致做好农业农村减排固碳的各项工作，要组建跨单位、跨学科、跨团队的合作机制，聚焦瓶颈和短板，加强稻田甲烷减排、畜禽低碳减排、农田碳汇提升、农机绿色节能、可再生能源替代等农业农村绿色低碳核心技术及装备的研发工作，示范先进适用的减排固碳技术，形成适宜不同区域的农业农村绿色低碳发展模式并在示范区推广，稳步推进生态低碳农业发展。
How can agriculture and rural areas better move towards a green and low-carbon future? According to the report, China has formulated an Implementation Plan for carbon sequestration in agriculture and rural areas, and compiled a list of scientific and technological innovation needs for carbon sequestration in agriculture and rural areas. At present, the work of carbon reduction and sequestration in agriculture and rural areas should be carried out carefully. Cross-unit, cross-disciplinary and cross-team cooperation mechanisms should be established, bottlenecks and weaknesses should be focused on, and core technologies and equipment research and development of green low-carbon technologies and equipment in agriculture and rural areas should be strengthened, such as methane emission reduction in rice fields, low-carbon emission reduction in livestock and poultry, carbon sink enhancement in farmland, green energy conservation in agricultural machinery, and renewable energy replacement. We will demonstrate advanced and applicable carbon reduction and sequestration technologies, form green and low-carbon development models suitable for different regions in agriculture and rural areas, and promote them in demonstration areas, so as to steadily promote the development of ecological and low-carbon agriculture.
粮食安全是国之大者。《报告》建议，协同推进丰产增效与绿色低碳发展，降低农业排放强度。具体而言，实施稻田甲烷减排丰产技术创新，强化稻田水分管理，推广稻田节水灌溉技术，改进稻田施肥管理，选育推广高产优质低碳水稻品种。在肥料方面，研发农用地氧化亚氮减排增效技术，推进氮肥减量增效，推广新型肥料产品、水肥一体化等高效施肥技术，推进有机肥与化肥结合使用。在养殖上，要创新牛羊等反刍动物高效养殖与肠道甲烷减排协同技术，改进畜禽饲养管理。
Food security is a national priority. The report recommends promoting greater productivity and efficiency with green and low-carbon development, and reducing agricultural emissions intensity. Specifically, we will implement technological innovation in methane emission reduction and high yield in paddy fields, strengthen water management in paddy fields, promote water-saving irrigation technology in paddy fields, improve fertilizer management in paddy fields, and select and promote high-yield, high-quality and low-carbon rice varieties. In the field of fertilizer, we will develop technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency of nitrous oxide in agricultural land, promote nitrogen fertilizer reduction and increase efficiency, promote new fertilizer products and efficient fertilizer application technologies such as the integration of water and fertilizer, and promote the use of organic fertilizers in combination with fertilizers. In terms of breeding, collaborative technologies of efficient breeding of ruminants such as cattle and sheep and intestinal methane emission reduction should be innovated to improve livestock and poultry breeding management.
在碳汇方面，则要提升农业碳汇能力，推进农业生态价值转化。开展农田土壤固碳关键技术创新与示范，实施国家黑土地保护工程，攻克一批关键核心技术，研发一批农田土壤固碳技术产品，推进技术集成创新，组装集成一批适用不同区域的农田土壤固碳技术。在种植方面，实施保护性耕作，推广有机肥施用、秸秆科学还田、绿肥养殖、粮豆轮作等技术，建立农田土壤固碳技术体系。同时，开展人工草地固碳增汇技术创新与示范，进一步增加碳汇能力。
In terms of carbon sink, it is necessary to enhance the capacity of agricultural carbon sink and promote the transformation of agricultural ecological value. We will carry out innovation and demonstration of key farmland soil carbon sequestration technologies, implement the National Black land protection project, work on a number of key core technologies, develop a number of farmland soil carbon sequestration technology products, promote technological integration innovation, and assemble and integrate a number of farmland soil carbon sequestration technologies applicable to different regions. In terms of planting, conservation tillage has been implemented, and technologies such as application of organic manure, scientific return of straw to the field, green manure breeding, crop rotation and so on have been popularized, so as to establish a technical system for soil carbon sequestration in farmland. At the same time, innovation and demonstration of artificial grassland carbon sequestration technology should be carried out to further increase the capacity of carbon sequestration.
(本报北京4月1日电 本报记者 杨舒)
(Beijing, April 1 st, reporter Yang Shu)
(光明日报)
(Guangming Daily)
