黑土地保护要突出用养结合

The protection of black land should highlight the combination of use and maintenance

黑土地保护，事关国家粮食安全和生态安全这两个“国之大者”，要在突出保护的基础上引导对黑土地的科学合理利用。用养结合，就是既用地也养地，既利用也保护，通过循环农业的办法解决耕地质量问题。建立政府主导、农民主体、多元参与的保护格局，才能让宝贵的黑土地成为全国的铁饭碗。

The protection of black land is related to the national food security and ecological security, which are the two "great people of the country". We should guide the scientific and rational utilization of black land on the basis of highlighting the protection. Use RAISE UNION, NAMELY ALREADY USE LAND ALSO RAISE LAND, USE ALREADY ALSO PROTECT, SOLVE CULTIVATED LAND QUALITY PROBLEM THROUGH CIRCULAR AGRICULTURE METHOD. Only by establishing a protection pattern dominated by the government, dominated by farmers and diversified participation, can the precious black land become the iron rice bowl of the whole country.

8月1日，《中华人民共和国黑土地保护法》正式实施，这是我国首次、全球唯一在国家层面专门针对黑土地实施的立法保护。这部法律吹响了黑土地保护的法治号角，在我国耕地保护史上具有里程碑意义，对确保国家粮食安全和生态安全具有重要贡献，也启示我们思考应如何更好保护耕地。

On August 1, the "The People's Republic of China Black Land Protection Law" was formally implemented. This is the first time in my country and the only legislative protection specifically for black land at the national level in the world. This law has sounded the clarion call of the rule of law for the protection of black soil. It is a milestone in the history of cultivated land protection in my country. It has an important contribution to ensuring national food security and ecological security. It also enlightens us to think about how to better protect cultivated land.

世界有四大黑土区，占陆地面积不到7%，都是大粮仓。在四大黑土区中，我国东北黑土区开垦最晚，但肩负的责任最重。东北黑土区耕地面积约2.78亿亩，粮食产量占全国的四分之一，调出量占全国的三分之一，是最大的商品粮基地。虽然一年只能种一季，但肥沃的黑土地改变了延续千年的粮食生产流通格局。其开垦使得北方在粮食格局中的地位稳定超过南方，全国从南粮北运变为北粮南运。

There are four major black soil areas in the world, accounting for less than 7% of the land area, all of which are large foodbanks. Among the four major black soil areas, China's northeast black soil area is the latest to be reclaimed, but shoulders the heaviest responsibility. Northeast black soil area of about 278 million mu of arable land, grain production accounted for a quarter of the country, transferring out a third of the country, is the largest commodity food base. Although it can only be planted for one season a year, the fertile black soil has changed the pattern of food production and distribution that has continued for thousands of years. Its reclamation has allowed the north to steadily outstrip the south in the grain pattern, and the country has changed from transporting grain from the south to the north to the south.

黑土地分布在东北，却养活了每个中国人。但是，黑土地境况也颇令人揪心。由于长年高强度开发利用，加之风蚀水蚀、人为破坏等，黑土不断变瘦、变薄、变硬，肥力在下降，对粮食安全构成威胁。科学研究表明，形成1厘米黑土层需要几百年，东北黑土层整体形成经历了上万年，尽管大规模开发利用只有200年，但其近年来却以年均几毫米到1厘米左右的速度减少。可以说，保护黑土地迫在眉睫。

Black land is distributed in northeast China, but it feeds every Chinese. However, the black land situation is also quite worrying. Due to years of high-intensity development and utilization, coupled with wind and water erosion, man-made destruction, the black soil is becoming thinner, thinner and harder, and its fertility is declining, posing a threat to food security. Scientific research shows that it takes hundreds of years to form a 1cm black soil layer, and the whole formation of the northeast black soil layer has experienced tens of thousands of years, although large-scale development and utilization of only 200 years, but its annual average annual rate of a few millimeters to about 1 cm in recent years. It can be said that the protection of black land is imminent.

近年来，中央有两次用大熊猫来比喻耕地保护。一是“像保护大熊猫一样保护耕地”，指耕地整体如大熊猫一样宝贵；二是“保护好耕地中的大熊猫”，专指黑土地尤其珍惜。从另一个角度看，前者侧重说的是数量，针对的是人多地少的国情；后者侧重说的是质量，针对的是黑土地质量退化问题。当然，数量保护和质量保护是有机统一的，都是“藏粮于地”战略的具体要求，也是农业绿色发展的重要内容。由此来看，黑土地保护事关国家粮食安全和生态安全这两个“国之大者”。

In recent years, the central government has twice used giant pandas as a metaphor for farmland protection. The first is to "protect cultivated land like giant pandas", which means that cultivated land as a whole is as precious as giant pandas; the second is to "protect giant pandas in cultivated land", which specifically means that black land is especially cherished. From another point of view, the former focuses on quantity, which is aimed at the national conditions with more people and less land; the latter focuses on quality, which is aimed at the degradation of black land quality. Of course, quantity protection and quality protection are organically unified. They are both specific requirements of the strategy of "storing grain in the land" and an important content of agricultural green development. From this point of view, the protection of black soil is related to the national food security and ecological security, the two "big countries".

黑土退化并不是中国独有现象。上世纪二三十年代，美国和乌克兰由于开垦过度，就曾遭遇大量黑土流失。但我国是唯一在国家层面对黑土地进行专门立法保护的国家。这部法律制定过程也很有特点，显示了把黑土地保护上升为国家意志的坚定决心。在全国人大代表提出议案后，当年启动立法，当年完成起草，当年提请审议，此后在7个月内完成3次审议并获得通过，这是很少见的。该法不分章节，只有38条，但并不影响其严谨性，特别是对禁止盗挖、滥挖和非法买卖黑土做出明确规定，会极大威慑明目张胆破坏黑土地的行为。

Black soil degradation is not unique to China. In the 1920s and 1930s, the United States and Ukraine experienced a large loss of black soil due to excessive cultivation. But China is the only country that has special legislation to protect the black land at the national level. The process of making this law is also distinctive, showing the firm determination to elevate black land protection to the national will. It is rare for an NPC deputy to introduce a bill, initiate legislation that year, finish drafting it that year, submit it for review that year, and then complete three reviews and pass it within seven months. The law is divided into chapters, only 38 articles, but does not affect its rigor, especially the prohibition of stealing, indiscriminate digging and illegal trading of black soil to make clear provisions, will greatly deter the behavior of blatant destruction of black land.

所有涉及农业自然资源的法律，处理好保护与利用的关系、统筹公益性和经济性的关系都是立法的重点，也是执行的难点，黑土地保护也如此。耕地质量是诸多因素作用的结果，质量下降容易但再起来则很难，治理效果短期也不易显现。以往由于不容易出政绩，不少地方政府的投入普遍不足；由于增产的粮食对应增加的收入有限，很多小农户也缺乏积极性；由于缺乏刚性约束，一些市场主体流转耕地，不想提升地力，只想最大化产出，甚至是掠夺式使用。因此，很有必要在突出保护的基础上引导对黑土地的科学合理利用。

All laws involving agricultural natural resources, handling the relationship between protection and utilization, and coordinating the relationship between public welfare and economy are the focus of legislation and the difficulty of implementation, as well as the protection of black land. The quality of cultivated land is the result of many factors. It is easy to reduce the quality but it is difficult to get up again, and the effect of treatment is not easy to show in the short term. In the past, due to the difficulty of making political achievements, the input of many local governments was generally insufficient; due to the limited income corresponding to the increase in grain production, many small farmers also lacked enthusiasm; due to the lack of rigid constraints, some market entities transferred cultivated land and did not want to improve the land strength. Just want to maximize output, even predatory use. Therefore, it is necessary to guide the scientific and rational use of black land on the basis of prominent protection.

这部法律启示我们，要完善激励型政策工具，强调用养结合、效果导向。我国已形成耕地保护的管控型和激励型工具箱。比较而言，管控型工具箱火力越来越猛，激励型工具箱则是明显短板。与数量问题不同，耕地质量问题具有隐蔽性，更要找对方法。用养结合，就是既用地也养地，既利用也保护，通过循环农业的办法解决耕地质量问题。效果导向，就是以产能是否提高作为评判标准。在此基础上，既要用好财政地力补贴，也要探索耕地地力保险，夯实政府责任和用好市场手段，让保护耕地者得实惠。总之，建立政府主导、农民主体、多元参与的保护格局，才能让宝贵的黑土地成为全国的铁饭碗。

This law has inspired us to improve incentive-based policy tools, emphasizing the combination of use and conservation and effect orientation. China has formed a control and incentive toolbox for arable land protection. In comparison, the control toolbox is getting more and more powerful, while the incentive toolbox is obviously short. Unlike the quantity issue, the quality of arable land is hidden and it is more important to find the right approach. The combination of use and nourishment, that is, both land and nourish land, both use and protection, through the approach of circular agriculture to solve the problem of arable land quality. Effect-oriented, that is, whether to improve production capacity as a criterion for judging. On this basis, not only to use the financial land subsidies, but also to explore the arable land insurance, solid government responsibility and the use of market instruments, so that those who protect arable land benefit. In short, the establishment of a government-led, farmer-led, multi-participation protection pattern, in order to make the valuable black land become the country's iron rice bowl.