大中小学深入推进劳动教育——播种希望 收获果实

Promoting Labor Education in Universities, Middle Schools and Primary Schools_Sowing Hope and Harvesting Fruits

2018年9月，习近平总书记在全国教育大会上强调，“要努力构建德智体美劳全面培养的教育体系”。2020年3月，中共中央、国务院印发《关于全面加强新时代大中小学劳动教育的意见》，对新时代劳动教育作出顶层设计和全面部署。劳动教育纳入人才培养全过程，贯通大中小学各学段，与德育、智育、体育、美育相融合，促进学生全面发展。

In March 2020, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued Opinions on Comprehensively Strengthening Labor Education in Primary and Middle Schools in the New Era, making top-level design and comprehensive deployment for labor education in the new era. Labor education is incorporated into the whole process of talent cultivation, runs through all sections of primary and secondary schools, and integrates with moral education, intellectual education, physical education and aesthetic education to promote the all-round development of students.In September 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed at the National Education Conference that "efforts should be made to build an education system for comprehensive cultivation of morality, intelligence, physical fitness and good labor".

走进校园农场，种下春天的希望；烹饪一餐美食，与亲友一同分享；参加实习实训，领悟工匠精神……“五一”国际劳动节前后，各地各校深入推进劳动教育，引导学生在热火朝天的劳动中，播种希望，收获果实。

Walk into the campus farm and plant the hope of spring; Cook a meal and share it with friends and family; Participate in practical training and understand the spirit of craftsmen... Before and after May Day International Labor Day, schools around the country deeply promote labor education and guide students to sow hope and harvest fruits in the hot labor.

——编者

- Editor

实践体验中感悟劳动之美

Feeling the beauty of labor in practical experience

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“今天，在学校的星星农场，我们学习了波卡西堆肥法，亲手制作了肥料。首先要把蔬菜剪成小块，再加入微生物菌群，然后把它们放在一个桶里，一层一层地铺好。老师说，两周之后就能制作出有机肥料，可以用它给农场的蔬菜施肥。厨余堆肥，变废为宝，我非常期待肥料能够制作成功！”上完“我与小苗一同成长”劳动课后，江苏省常州市武进区星河实验小学三年级学生王晨曦在日记里这样写道。

"Today, at the school's Star Farm, we learned the Pocassi composting method and made our own fertilizer. First cut the vegetables into small pieces, add the microbial flora, and then put them in a bucket and lay them layer by layer. The teacher said that after two weeks, the organic fertilizer could be made and used to fertilize the vegetables on the farm. Kitchen waste composting, waste into treasure, I am very much looking forward to the success of fertilizer production!”Wang Chenxi, a third-grade student at Xinghe Experimental Primary School in Wujin District, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, wrote in his diary after "I grew up with Xiao Miao".

星河实验小学食堂前，是一个200平方米左右的菜园。学校基于光照和水分对不同植物的影响，设计了“旋转花园”——喜欢干旱的植物种在高处，喜欢潮湿的植物种在低处。“从春季学期开始，每个孩子都会亲手播下种子。在老师的指导下，播种、浇水、施肥，从事农事劳动。”星河实验小学副校长姚君丹说，在快乐的劳动课中，孩子们不仅掌握了基本的劳动技能，也更加了解自然，树立起保护环境的自觉。

In front of the canteen of Xinghe Experimental Primary School, there is a vegetable garden of about 200 square meters. Based on the effects of light and water on different plants, the school designed a "rotating garden"-plants that like drought are planted high and plants that like moisture are planted low. "Starting in the spring semester, every child will plant the seeds by hand. Under the guidance of teachers, sowing, watering, fertilizing, engaged in agricultural labor.”Xinghe experimental primary school vice principal Yao Jundan said, In the happy labor class, Children not only master basic labor skills, Also more understand nature, Set up the consciousness of protecting the environment.

让学生动手实践、出力流汗，接受锻炼、磨炼意志，显著的实践性是劳动教育的一大特征。《关于全面加强新时代大中小学劳动教育的意见》提出，在劳动教育过程中，“以体力劳动为主，注意手脑并用、安全适度，强化实践体验，让学生亲历劳动过程，提升育人实效性。”

Let students practice, sweat, accept exercise, temper will, significant practicality is a major feature of labor education. "Opinions on comprehensively strengthening labor education in primary and secondary schools in the new era" put forward that in the process of labor education,"mainly physical labor, pay attention to the use of hands and brain, safety and moderation, strengthen practical experience, let students experience the labor process personally, and improve the effectiveness of educating people."”

“体力劳动是劳动的基础。”教育部教材局相关负责人表示，要防止继续出现一段时间以来劳动教育“重学习、轻劳动，重成绩、轻动手”的问题，避免单纯通过在课堂上教知识来实施劳动教育，必须让学生亲身经历劳动过程，在实践中感悟劳动之美。

"Physical work is the basis of work.”Ministry of Education teaching materials bureau relevant responsible person said, To prevent a period of labor education "Heavy study, Light labor, Heavy achievements, Light hands" problem, Avoid simply through teaching knowledge in the classroom to implement labor education, Must let students experience the labor process personally, In practice feel the beauty of labor.

在高校，劳动课程的实践环节也日益丰富。中国农业大学涿州教学实验场，中国劳动关系学院的同学们正在上“劳动教育通论”必修课，同学们在这里学习农业种植知识、体验现代农业设施。

In colleges and universities, the practice link of labor curriculum is also increasingly rich. Students from Zhuozhou Teaching Experimental Field of China Agricultural University and China Institute of Labor Relations are taking the compulsory course of "General Theory of Labor Education", where students learn agricultural planting knowledge and experience modern agricultural facilities.

“我看见绿色的麦苗在田地里生长，也看见最新的科研成果在闪闪发光！”参与劳动实践后，学生闫冉佳辰感触很深。

"I saw green wheat growing in the fields, and I saw the latest scientific research results shining!”After participating in labor practice, student Yan Ran Jiachen felt deeply.

“劳动教育的实效，离不开深度的实践指导。”中国劳动关系学院劳动教育学院副院长曲霞介绍，学校的劳动课程注重理论学习与实践体验互补融合、相互促进，引导学生创造性地解决实际问题，增强诚实劳动意识，积累职业经验，提升就业创业能力。

"The effectiveness of labor education is inseparable from in-depth practical guidance.”Qu Xia, vice president of the School of Labor Education of China Institute of Labor Relations, introduced that the school's labor curriculum pays attention to the complementary integration of theoretical study and practical experience, mutual promotion, guiding students to creatively solve practical problems, enhance honest labor awareness, accumulate professional experience and improve employment and entrepreneurship ability.

学科融通中弘扬劳动精神

Carrying forward the spirit of labor in the integration of disciplines

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在北京师范大学天津附属中学，校园一隅的三层红砖小楼，就是学校的劳动教育中心。孩子们在这里上劳动课，度过动手动脑的欢乐时光。面对传统工艺、智能家居、电子控制技术、技术与职业探索等丰富多彩的教学内容，学生们可以依据兴趣自由选择。

At Tianjin Affiliated Middle School of Beijing Normal University, a three-story red brick building in a corner of the campus is the labor education center of the school. The children take labor classes here and have a good time with their hands and brains. In the face of traditional crafts, smart home, electronic control technology, technology and career exploration and other rich and colorful teaching content, students can choose freely according to their interests.

“提高劳动教育的专业性，让劳动课更有‘技术含量’，促进各学科与劳动教育深度融合，是学校劳动教育的一大特色。”北师大天津附中劳动教育中心主任姜腾说。

"Improving the professionalism of labor education, making labor classes more 'technical content', and promoting the deep integration of various disciplines and labor education are a major feature of school labor education."”Beijing Normal University Tianjin attached middle school labor education center director Jiang Teng said.

以中国古代史教学为例，当讲到灌溉相关知识点时，老师会带领学生走进博物馆，参观学习早期汲水工具尖底陶瓶、吊桶等，还会与学校木工工艺课互动，让学生动手制作水转翻车等模型。

Take the teaching of ancient China history as an example, when talking about irrigation-related knowledge points, the teacher will lead the students into the museum, visit and learn the early water-drawing tools, such as pottery bottles with pointed bottom, buckets, etc., and interact with the school woodworking craft class to let the students make models such as water-turning rollover.

“我们都很喜欢这样的课程。”高二年级学生张馨瑜说，“在实际操作中，能体会到古代劳动人民的聪明才智，也更理解劳动的价值与意义。”

"We all love this class.”Zhang Xinyu, a sophomore, said,"In practice, I can appreciate the wisdom of the ancient working people and understand the value and significance of labor."”

劳动教育就是简单的扫地、做家务吗？答案显然是否定的。中国教育科学研究院课程与教学研究所所长郝志军表示，从劳动教育的本质来看，劳动不只是体力的付出和消耗，更有助于内在价值观的生成和理性思维的提升。

Is labor education simply sweeping the floor and doing housework? The answer is clearly no. Hao Zhijun, director of the Institute of Curriculum and Teaching of the China Academy of Educational Sciences, said that from the essence of labor education, labor is not only the exertion and consumption of physical strength, but also contributes to the generation of intrinsic values and the promotion of rational thinking.

新时代的劳动教育，要切实解决“有劳动无教育”的问题。教育部相关负责人表示，劳动教育是“一育”，不只是“一课”，既要开好劳动教育专门课程，也要全科渗透，将劳动教育的思想观念融入教育教学全过程，培养学生的劳动情感、劳动能力和劳动品质。

said, Labor education is "One education", Not only "One lesson", Not only to open a good labor education special course, Also to the whole subject infiltration, Labor education ideas into the whole process of education and teaching, Cultivate students 'labor emotion, Labor ability and labor quality.Labor education in the new era should solve the problem of "labor without education". Ministry of Education related responsible person

以职业教育为例，职业院校的劳动专题教育必修课，主要围绕劳动精神、劳模精神、工匠精神等方面设计。重庆工业职业技术学院党委书记郭天平介绍，学校分模块组织实施劳动课。例如，在“尚劳动”模块，思政课教师引导学生理解劳动本质、认识劳动意义；在“爱劳动”模块，大国工匠、技术能手走进校园，培养学生精益求精、爱岗敬业品质。

Taking vocational education as an example, the compulsory courses of labor special education in vocational colleges are mainly designed around labor spirit, model worker spirit, craftsman spirit and so on. Guo Tianping, secretary of the Party Committee of Chongqing Industrial Vocational and Technical College, said that the school organized and implemented labor classes in modules. For example, in the module of "advocating labor", teachers of ideological and political courses guide students to understand the essence and significance of labor; In the module of "love labor", craftsmen and technical experts from big countries walk into the campus to cultivate students 'quality of keeping improving and loving their posts.

在不少专家看来，劳动教育应当拥有更为广阔的空间。北京师范大学教育学部教授檀传宝认为，各门学科都蕴藏着大量劳动教育的素材，因而也都存在着润物无声地开展劳动教育的可能性。只有将劳动教育融入教学生活的方方面面，才能取得实效。

In the opinion of many experts, labor education should have a broader space. Tan Chuanbao, a professor in the Department of Education at Beijing Normal University, believes that each discipline contains a large amount of material for labor education, so there is also the possibility of carrying out labor education silently. Only by integrating labor education into all aspects of teaching life can we achieve practical results.

协同育人中增强教育实效

Enhancing the Actual Effect of Education in Collaborative Education

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前不久，北京市昌平职业学校迎来了一批初中生——昌平区第二中学西环路学校学生。在中式面点实训室，同学们围上围裙、戴上发网，学习制作中式面点枣花酥。

Not long ago, Beijing City Changping Vocational School welcomed a group of junior high school Changping District No.2 Middle School Xihuan Road School students. In the Chinese-style pastry training room, students put on aprons, put on hair nets, learn to make Chinese-style pastry jujube crisp.

“皮擀破了怎么办？”“怎样捏出更好看的造型？”昌平职业学校烹饪专业教师彭兴全耐心回答学生的问题，手把手地进行指导。

"What if the skin is broken?" "How can I create a better look?”Changping Vocational School cooking professional teacher Peng Xingquan patiently answer students 'questions, hand-in-hand guidance.

“在彭老师帮助下，我学会了擀酥皮的小技巧。”初一学生刘伊蕊说，“成为一名中式面点师，需要日复一日的练习，也需要智慧与巧思。”

"With the help of Mr. Peng, I learned the little skills of rolling pastry.”Liu Yirui, a junior high school student, said,"To become a Chinese pastry chef requires day-to-day practice, as well as wisdom and ingenuity."”

昌平职业学校教育集团党委书记、校长段福生介绍，该校是北京职业院校首批中小学生职业体验中心(劳动教育基地)，通过基地上课、送课到校、线上教育等方式积极服务中小学劳动教育。专业的课程设计、师资团队帮助中小学生在劳动中收获成长，并获得初步职业体验。

Professional curriculum design and teacher team help primary and secondary school students gain growth in labor and gain preliminary professional experience.Changping vocational school education group party secretary, President Duan Fusheng introduced, The school is Beijing vocational colleges first batch of primary and secondary school students professional experience center (Labor education base), Through the base class, Send class to school, Online education and other ways to actively serve primary and secondary school labor education.

劳动教育在哪教？谁来教？长效机制的构建，离不开切实的资源支持和条件保障。利用职业院校实训实习场所、设施设备为普通中小学提供所需服务，便是丰富劳动实践场所的举措之一。据悉，各地各校围绕提升劳动教育支撑保障能力进行了积极探索。

It is reported that schools around the promotion of labor education support support support capacity for active exploration.Where is labor education taught? Who will teach? The construction of long-term mechanism is inseparable from practical resource support and condition guarantee. It is one of the measures to enrich the labor practice places by using the practical training places, facilities and equipment of vocational colleges to provide the required services for ordinary primary and secondary schools.

为拓展实践场所、满足各级各类学校多样化的劳动实践需求，上海市推进劳动基地整合共享，建立学生综合性劳动实践基地，开发全链条实践课程。浙江省杭州市富阳区是全国中小学劳动教育实验区，为破解劳动教育场地缺乏的问题，当地整合资源，打造多个乡村实践体验基地，组织学生进农村、入农户，学习农事劳作、了解乡土文化。

In order to solve the problem of lack of labor education sites, the local resources are integrated, several rural practice experience bases are built, students are organized to enter rural areas and farmers, learn agricultural work and understand local culture.In order to expand the practice places and meet the diversified labor practice needs of schools at all levels and types, Shanghai City promotes the integration and sharing of labor bases, establishes comprehensive labor practice bases for students, and develops full-chain practical courses. Fuyang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province is a national experimental area for labor education in primary and secondary schools.

如何建立专兼职相结合的劳动教育师资队伍，让教师能教会教？山东省探索通过学区内走教、购买教学服务、聘请兼职教师等方式，保障学校师资需求；为提升教师素质，还在“互联网+教师专业发展”项目中开设19学时的劳动教育课程模块，开展系统培训。

In order to improve the quality of teachers, 19 hours of labor education curriculum module has been set up in the project of "Internet + Teacher Professional Development" to carry out systematic training.How to establish a full-time and part-time combination of labor education teachers team five, so that teachers can teach? Shandong Province explores ways to ensure the demand for teachers in schools by teaching in school districts, purchasing teaching services and hiring part-time teachers.

教育部相关负责人表示，各地要进一步夯实劳动教育责任，强化课程实施，发挥课程主导作用，不断提升教师专业化水平，统筹拓展校内校外劳动教育资源，建立家校衔接的劳动育人机制，教育孩子从小养成爱劳动的好习惯。

trengthen curriculum implementation, Give play to the leading role of the curriculum, Continuously improve the professional level of teachers, Overall planning to expand the school and outside labor education resources, Establish home-school connection labor education mechanism, Educate children from childhood to love labor good habits.Ministry of Education relevant responsible person said, All over the country to further tamp labor education responsibility, S