把教育强国建设作为人口高质量发展的战略工程

Building a strong education country as a strategic project for high-quality development of the population

——访中国教育科学研究院党委书记、院长李永智

Interview with Li Yongzhi, Secretary of Party Committee and President of China Academy of Educational Sciences

人口发展是关系中华民族伟大复兴的大事，必须着力提高人口整体素质，以人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化。5月5日，习近平总书记主持召开二十届中央财经委员会第一次会议，会议强调把教育强国建设作为人口高质量发展的战略工程。

Population development is a major issue related to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and we must focus on improving the overall quality of the population and supporting Chinese-style modernization with high-quality population development. on May 5, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over the first meeting of the 20th Central Financial Committee, which emphasized the construction of a strong education country as a strategic project for high-quality population development.

党的十八大以来，教育部门在提升人力资源水平方面取得哪些实效？如何推动“人口红利”向“人才红利”转变？如何补齐乡村教育短板？对此，中国教育科学研究院党委书记、院长李永智接受了本报记者采访。

Since the 18th Party Congress, what has the education sector achieved in terms of improving human resources? How to promote the transformation of "demographic dividend" to "talent dividend"? How to make up for the shortcomings of rural education? In this regard, Li Yongzhi, Secretary of the Party Committee and President of the China Academy of Educational Sciences, was interviewed by this reporter.

问：党的十八大以来，教育提升人力资源水平取得哪些成就、经验？

Q: Since the 18th Party Congress, what achievements and experiences have been made in education to enhance human resources?

答：人才培养是教育的重要任务，教育是提升人力资源水平最直接、最有效的途径。2022年，我国学前教育毛入园率89.7%，九年义务教育巩固率95.5%，高中阶段教育毛入学率91.6%，高等教育毛入学率59.6%，各级教育普及程度达到或超过中高收入国家平均水平。更重要的是，我国接受高等教育的人口已超过2.4亿，劳动年龄人口平均受教育年限达10.93年，新增劳动力平均受教育年限达14年。党的十八大以来，我国职业学校和高等学校培养了大批技术技能人才、高素质专业人才，劳动力素质结构发生了重大变化，为国家经济社会发展提供了强大支撑。

A: Talent cultivation is an important task of education, and education is the most direct and effective way to enhance human resources. 2022, China's preschool gross enrollment rate is 89.7%, the consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education is 95.5%, the gross enrollment rate of senior secondary education is 91.6%, and the gross enrollment rate of higher education is 59.6%, with the universal education at all levels reaching or exceeding the average level of middle and high-income countries. More importantly, China's population with higher education has exceeded 240 million, and the average number of years of education for the working-age population has reached 10.93 years, while the average number of years of education for the new labor force has reached 14 years. Since the 18th Party Congress, China's vocational schools and higher education institutions have trained a large number of technically skilled personnel and high-quality professionals, and the quality structure of the labor force has undergone significant changes, providing strong support for the country's economic and social development.

取得上述成就，一是党加强了对教育工作的全面领导，确保了社会主义教育方向，确保了为党育人、为国育才；二是国家坚持了教育优先发展战略，财政性教育经费占国内生产总值比例连续10年不低于4%；三是教育系统全面贯彻落实习近平总书记关于教育的重要论述，坚持立德树人，建设高质量体系，促进教育公平，提高教育质量。这些经验弥足珍贵，为进一步加快教育强国建设，以人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化提供了重要借鉴。

The above-mentioned achievements have been made because, first, the Party has strengthened its overall leadership of education, ensuring the direction of socialist education and nurturing people for the Party and the country; second, the State has adhered to the strategy of giving priority to education development, with the ratio of financial education expenditure to GDP not less than 4% for 10 consecutive years; third, the education system has comprehensively implemented General Secretary Xi Jinping's important remarks on education, adhered to the establishment of moral education, built high quality system, promote education equity, and improve the quality of education. These experiences are invaluable and provide important lessons for further accelerating the construction of a strong education country and supporting Chinese-style modernization with high-quality population development.

问：怎么理解把教育强国建设作为人口高质量发展的战略工程？

Q: How do you understand the construction of a strong education country as a strategic project for high-quality development of the population?

答：当前，我国人口发展出现了少子化、老龄化、区域人口增减分化的趋势性特征，必然要求人口发展转向高质量，由“人口红利”转向“人才红利”，以人口质量提升对冲人口数量红利下沉。人口高质量发展是现代化建设最基本的支撑，要实现社会主义现代化，必须全面提升人口素质。教育强国的目的是整体提升我国人口素质，把人口大国变成人力资源大国，进而变成人力资源强国。把教育强国建设作为人口高质量发展的战略工程，是教育本质的回归。

A: At present, China's population development has emerged the trend characteristics of less children, aging, regional population growth and decline, which inevitably requires population development to shift to high quality, from the "demographic dividend" to the "talent dividend", to improve the quality of the population to hedge against the quantitative dividend Sinking. High-quality population development is the most basic support for modernization, and to achieve socialist modernization, the quality of population must be improved comprehensively. The purpose of a strong education country is to improve the overall quality of China's population and turn a large population into a large human resource country, and then into a strong human resource country. Taking the construction of a strong education country as a strategic project for high-quality population development is a return to the essence of education.

问：教育是提高人口素质的重要途径，如何推动“人口红利”向“人才红利”转变？

Q: Education is an important way to improve the quality of the population, how to promote the transformation of the "demographic dividend" to the "talent dividend"?

答：推动“人口红利”转向“人才红利”，势必需要我国教育转型升级。

A: To promote the "demographic dividend" to "talent dividend", it is necessary to transform and upgrade China's education.

教育理念从学校教育转向终身教育。一方面，我国正在加快进入老龄化社会，群众对老年教育服务的期盼更强烈了，这要求建成终身教育体系，实现生命全周期的学有所教。另一方面，我国城乡人力资本存量存在素质提升、职业重配等需求，需要依靠终身教育来促进存量人力资本高级化。在终身教育理念下，我国职业教育空间巨大，能量需要进一步释放。

The concept of education has shifted from school education to lifelong education. On the one hand, China is accelerating into an aging society, and the public has stronger expectation for elderly education services, which requires the completion of a lifelong education system and the realization of learning and teaching in the whole cycle of life. On the other hand, China's urban and rural human capital stock has needs for quality improvement and occupational reallocation, and it needs to rely on lifelong education to promote the advanced of the stock human capital. Under the concept of lifelong education, there is huge space for vocational education in China, and the energy needs to be further released.

教育价值从知识导向转向能力导向。知识和能力虽然分不开，但各有侧重。目前我国教育总体上是知识导向，应该更加注重学生能力和素养培养，特别是关键能力培养。推动教育公平从形式公平走向实质公平，为每个公民提供适合的教育，涵养拔尖创新人才培养的教育生态。

The value of education has shifted from knowledge-oriented to competency-oriented. Although knowledge and competence are inseparable, each has its own focus. At present, China's education is generally knowledge-oriented, but more attention should be paid to the cultivation of students' abilities and literacy, especially the cultivation of key abilities. We should promote educational equity from formal equity to substantive equity, provide suitable education for every citizen, and nurture the educational ecology of cultivating top-notch innovative talents.

教育政策从规模扩张转向内涵发展。应继续延长新增劳动力人均受教育年限，赋予人力资本以更多的知识和技能。除高等教育面临普及和提高双重任务外，其他教育都应该全面转向内涵发展，在公平、质量上做文章，在师资、课程上下功夫。

Education policy has shifted from expansion in scale to development in substance. It should continue to extend the number of years of education per new labor force and endow human capital with more knowledge and skills. Except for higher education, which faces the dual task of universalization and improvement, all other education should be fully shifted to connotative development, working on equity and quality, and on teachers and curriculum.

问：实现人口高质量发展目标下，如何补齐乡村教育短板？

Q: Under the goal of achieving high-quality population development, how to make up for the shortcomings of rural education?

答：乡村教育是我国教育体系的神经末梢。乡村学校量大、面广、点散。任何时候都要办好乡村教育。没有乡村教育现代化，就没有国家教育现代化。

A: Rural education is the nerve end of our education system. Rural schools are large, extensive and scattered. At all times to run a good rural education. Without the modernization of rural education, there is no national education modernization.

教育的目的是为了实现人的充分发展，乡村教育有一个非常重要的功能就是阻断贫困代际传递，实现人的社会纵向流动。随着我国义务教育实现县域基本均衡发展，乡村教育的短板已不是条件短板，而是功能短板。

The purpose of education is to achieve full human development, and rural education has a very important function of interrupting the intergenerational transmission of poverty and realizing the vertical social mobility of people. With the basic balanced development of compulsory education in China's counties, the shortcomings of rural education are no longer shortcomings in conditions, but shortcomings in functions.

办好乡村教育，应充分考虑乡村人口流动现实，平衡好“在地”逻辑和“流动”逻辑。2022年末，我国常住人口城镇化率已经达到65.22%。党的二十大报告提出，“推进以县城为重要载体的城镇化建设”，这清楚地表明，县城是城镇化和乡村振兴两大战略的支点。

The urbanization rate of China's resident population has reached 65.22% by the end of 2022. The report of the 20th Party Congress proposes to "promote urbanization with counties as important carriers", which clearly indicates that counties are the fulcrum of the two strategies of urbanization and rural revitalization.

为此，补齐乡村教育短板，应因地制宜，采取县城集中办学，或者乡镇园区办学等不同模式。提高寄宿制学校质量，既要“寄”得安全，又要“育”得有效。关注小规模学校质量，落实好县域教师队伍建设组合政策。放大乡村学校功能，使教育中心同时成为乡村振兴的文化中心。

For this reason, to make up for the shortcomings of rural education, should be adapted to local conditions, to take the county city centralized school, or township campus school and other different models. The quality of boarding schools should be improved, not only to "send" safe, but also to "educate" effective. Focus on the quality of small-scale schools and implement a combination of policies to build the county's teaching force. Amplify the function of rural schools so that education centers can become cultural centers for rural revitalization at the same time.

问：实现人口高质量发展目标下，教育数字化能起到什么作用？

Q: What role can digitization of education play under the goal of achieving quality population development?

答：人类社会不可逆地进入数字化时代，教育数字化转型是时代发展的要求，应充分发挥教育数字化推动实现人口高质量发展的作用。教育数字化，一要做“资源”的文章，扩大优质教育资源覆盖范围，托升底部，缩小城乡教育差距；二要做“素养”的文章，着力提升学生和教师的数字素养，提高教师运用数字技术改进教育教学的意识和能力，培养造就适应数字化发展需求的新人；三要做“变革”的文章，变革学生学的方式，变革教师教的方式，从工业时代的学校模式转型为数字时代的终身模式，形成新的教育形态，实现个人发展和社会发展的全面高度统一，国计与民生的全面高度统一。

A: Human society has irreversibly entered the digital era, and the digital transformation of education is a requirement of the times, and the role of digital education in promoting high-quality development of the population should be given full play. Education digitization, one should do the article of "resources", expand the coverage of high-quality educational resources, to raise the bottom, narrow the gap between urban and rural education; secondly, do the article of "literacy", focus on improving the digital literacy of students and teachers, improve the awareness and ability of teachers to use digital technology to improve Third, we should do the article of "change", change the way students learn, change the way teachers teach, transform from the school model of the industrial era to the lifelong model of the digital era, form a new education form, and achieve a high level of personal development and social development. The new form of education will achieve a high degree of unification between individual development and social development, and a high degree of unification between national development and people's livelihood.