新能源供暖进入寻常百姓家
New energy heating enters the homes of ordinary people
这个供暖季，核能、太阳能、地热能甚至大数据机房余热，在一些地方成为供暖能源“新角色”。新能源供暖，暖气热不热？环保效果好不好？推广起来难不难？记者进行了走访调研。
In this heating season, nuclear energy, solar energy, geothermal energy and even the waste heat of big data machine rooms have become the "new role" of heating energy in some places. New energy heating, is the heating hot? Is the environmental protection effect good? Is it difficult to popularize? The reporter made a visit and investigation.
尝鲜
Early adopters
太阳能等新能源替代煤、天然气
New energy sources such as solar energy replace coal and natural gas
记者走访发现，一些地方不再烧煤取暖，取而代之的是多种形式的新能源清洁供暖。
The reporter visited and found that some places no longer burn coal for heating, but instead use various forms of new energy for clean heating.
11月以来，辽宁大连瓦房店市红沿河镇上万户群众第一次用上核能供暖，这是东北地区第一个核能供暖项目。热源来自数公里外的红沿河核电站。
Since November, tens of thousands of households in Hongyanhe Town, Wafangdian City, Dalian, Liaoning Province have used nuclear energy for heating for the first time, which is the first nuclear energy heating project in Northeast China. The heat source comes from Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Station several kilometers away.
核能供暖是指以核能产生的无放射性蒸汽为热源，通过换热站进行多级换热传递至最终用户的集中供暖方案。除大连瓦房店市红沿河镇外，去年浙江海盐核能供热示范工程正式投运，能够满足海盐县46.4万平方米里居民用户的供暖需求；今年是山东海阳核能供暖的第二个年头，新增核能供热配套面积25万平方米。
Nuclear energy heating refers to a centralized heating scheme that uses the non radioactive steam generated by nuclear energy as the heat source and transfers multi-level heat transfer to the end user through the heat exchange station. In addition to Hongyanhe Town, Wafangdian City, Dalian, Zhejiang Haiyan Nuclear Energy Heating Demonstration Project was officially put into operation last year, which can meet the heating needs of 464000 square meters of residents in Haiyan County; This year is the second year of nuclear heating in Haiyang, Shandong, with an additional 250000 square meters of nuclear heating supporting area.
辽宁红沿河核电有限公司技术副总工程师胡汝平介绍，用户与核电机组之间采取多重隔离屏障的方式，在换热过程中，只有热能传递，不存在介质的直接接触。
Hu Ruping, deputy chief technical engineer of Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., introduced that multiple isolation barriers were used between users and nuclear power units. During the heat exchange process, only heat energy was transferred, and there was no direct contact with the medium.
近年来，地热供暖在一些地方进入寻常百姓家。这几年，天津市河西区长达公寓、玫瑰花园的1382户居民以一对1680多米深的地热井作为热源取暖。
In recent years, geothermal heating has entered the homes of ordinary people in some places. In recent years, 1382 households in Dada Apartments and Rose Garden in Hexi District, Tianjin, have used a pair of geothermal wells more than 1680 meters deep as heat sources.
天津地热开发有限公司生产技术部副部长李博解释，深井泵将高温地热水从地下抽出来，利用换热装置与用户的采暖水进行热交换，将热量送入用户家中，换热后的地热水再回灌至地下。记者从天津市城市管理委员会了解到，截至2019至2020采暖期，天津利用地热供暖总面积达到3405万平方米。
Li Bo, deputy director of the production technology department of Tianjin Geothermal Development Co., Ltd., explained that the deep well pump pumped the high temperature geothermal water from the ground, used the heat exchange device to exchange heat with the user's heating water, sent the heat to the user's home, and the geothermal water after the heat exchange was recharged to the ground. The reporter learned from the Tianjin Municipal Administration Committee that, as of the heating period from 2019 to 2020, the total area of geothermal heating in Tianjin has reached 34.05 million square meters.
太阳能供暖已在北方多个地区实行。在天津市津安热电有限公司北辰供热服务中心，记者发现建筑物的屋顶上安装了48组太阳能光热板、36组单晶硅光伏板。津安热电有限公司生产技术部副主任郭磊宏介绍，光热板可以利用太阳能加热水流，出水温度可达70摄氏度以上，接入供热管线为办公楼供热；光伏板与储电储热设备结合，解决晚上的供热问题。
Solar heating has been implemented in many areas in the north. At the Beichen Heating Service Center of Tianjin Jin'an Thermal Power Co., Ltd., the reporter found that 48 groups of solar photovoltaic panels and 36 groups of monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels were installed on the roof of the building. Guo Leihong, deputy director of the production technology department of Jin'an Thermal Power Co., Ltd., introduced that the solar hot plate can use solar energy to heat the water flow, and the outlet water temperature can reach more than 70 degrees Celsius. It is connected to the heating pipeline to provide heat for the office building; Photovoltaic panels are combined with power storage and heat storage equipment to solve the problem of heating at night.
大数据机房余热供暖少有人知，如今也在南京、天津等地亮相。腾讯华北数据中心负责人韩建军介绍，稳定运行超万台服务器的大型数据中心会产生大量余热，公司用这些余热进行热交换，为办公区域供暖。
Little is known about the waste heat heating of the big data machine room, and now it has also appeared in Nanjing, Tianjin and other places. Han Jianjun, head of Tencent North China Data Center, said that a large data center with more than 10000 servers running stably will generate a lot of waste heat. The company uses this waste heat for heat exchange to heat the office area.
记者走访发现，这些新能源供热集中体现在热源端替代煤、天然气等能源，随后一般用水传导热量，可以与传统供热管线无缝衔接。大连的核能供暖接入市政供热管网；天津市津安热电有限公司北辰供热服务中心今年尝试的光伏板、光热板供暖也是借助原有供热管道。
According to the reporter's visit, these new energy heating are mainly embodied in the replacement of coal, natural gas and other energy sources at the heat source end, and then the general water conduction heat can be seamlessly connected with the traditional heating pipeline. Dalian's nuclear heating is connected to the municipal heating network; Tianjin Jin'an Thermal Power Co., Ltd. Beichen Heating Service Center tried to use the original heating pipeline for photovoltaic panel and solar hot plate heating this year.
优势
Advantage
供暖价格大多保持不变，节能降碳效果明显
Most heating prices remain unchanged, and the effect of energy saving and carbon reduction is obvious
新能源供暖，暖不暖和？近几日，大连红沿河镇沟口村村民罗贵斌家里暖洋洋的，温度计显示，室内温度达到20摄氏度以上。
Is new energy heating warm? In recent days, Luo Guibin, a villager in Goukou Village, Hongyanhe Town, Dalian, has a warm home. The thermometer shows that the indoor temperature is over 20 degrees Celsius.
在太阳能供暖的1个月时间里，天津市津安热电有限公司北辰供热服务中心的室内温度保持在20摄氏度以上。郭磊宏说，太阳能供暖完全可满足日常办公需求。
During one month of solar heating, the indoor temperature of Beichen Heating Service Center of Tianjin Jin'an Thermal Power Co., Ltd. was kept above 20 ℃. Guo Leihong said that solar heating can fully meet the daily office needs.
记者了解到，采用新能源供暖后，供暖价格大多保持不变。核能供暖后，红沿河镇的核能供热价格执行瓦房店市相关政策要求，供暖价格与此前并无变化，居民供暖价格为25元/平方米，商业建筑供暖价格为30元/平方米。天津市地热供暖也统一执行全市集中供热价格。
The reporter learned that most heating prices remained unchanged after new energy heating was adopted. After the nuclear heating, the nuclear heating price of Hongyanhe Town is subject to the relevant policy requirements of Wafangdian City. The heating price has not changed from that before. The heating price for residents is 25 yuan/m2, and that for commercial buildings is 30 yuan/m2. Tianjin geothermal heating is also subject to the municipal centralized heating price.
节能降碳，是各地推出新能源供暖的主要目的。那么，这样的探索效果如何？
Energy saving and carbon reduction are the main purposes of introducing new energy heating in various places. So, what is the effect of this exploration?
红沿河核电站核能供暖示范项目替代了当地原有的12个燃煤锅炉房。辽宁红沿河核电有限公司工程管理部副经理董德良说，据测算，投产后，每年将减少标煤消耗5726吨，减排二氧化碳1.41万吨、二氧化硫60余吨、灰渣2621吨。
The nuclear heating demonstration project of Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Station has replaced the original 12 coal-fired boiler rooms in the local area. Dong Deliang, the deputy manager of the engineering management department of Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., said that it was estimated that after being put into operation, 5726 tons of standard coal consumption, 14100 tons of carbon dioxide, more than 60 tons of sulfur dioxide and 2621 tons of ash would be reduced each year.
津安热电的太阳能供热项目供热面积为3000多平方米。津安热电生产技术部技术人员王娜介绍，据测算，在满足达标供热基础上，预计全年可减少使用82吨标煤，折合减少二氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放分别为213吨、697公斤、607公斤。
The solar heating project of Jin'an Thermal Power has a heating area of more than 3000 square meters. Wang Na, a technician from the production technology department of Jin'an Thermal Power Co., Ltd., said it was estimated that 82 tons of standard coal could be reduced in the whole year, equivalent to 213 tons of carbon dioxide, 697 kg of sulfur dioxide and 607 kg of nitrogen oxide emissions, on the basis of meeting the requirements for heat supply.
多年来，华北地区地下水超采问题严峻。对此，李博说，地热供暖的原理是从地下“取热不取水”。整体流程只提取地下水中的热量，不消耗地热水，从而达到循环利用的目的。
Over the years, the problem of groundwater overexploitation in North China is severe. In this regard, Li Bo said that the principle of geothermal heating is to "take heat without taking water" from the ground. The whole process only extracts the heat from groundwater and does not consume geothermal water, so as to achieve the purpose of recycling.
瓶颈
Bottleneck
投入成本高，尚有不少技术难点
The input cost is high and there are still many technical difficulties
2021年10月，国务院印发《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》，明确提出，积极稳妥开展核能供热示范，因地制宜推行热泵、生物质能、地热能、太阳能等清洁低碳供暖。
In October 2021, the State Council issued the Action Plan for Achieving the Carbon Peak by 2030, clearly proposing to actively and steadily carry out demonstration of nuclear heating and promote clean low-carbon heating such as heat pumps, biomass energy, geothermal energy and solar energy according to local conditions.
当前一些地方的新能源供暖探索为后续进一步推广积累了经验。红沿河核电站经过对周边城镇供暖情况统筹考虑后，审慎决定将红沿河镇供暖作为东北地区的示范项目，为后续东北地区核能供暖产业发展积累经验。
The current exploration of new energy heating in some places has accumulated experience for further promotion. After considering the heating situation of surrounding cities and towns, Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Station prudently decided to take the heating in Hongyanhe Town as a demonstration project in Northeast China, so as to accumulate experience for the subsequent development of nuclear energy heating industry in Northeast China.
在推广过程中，新能源丰富的地区有望成为“近水楼台”。根据中国地质调查局评价结果，全国300多个大中城市浅层地热能年可开采资源量折合7亿吨标准煤。这为新型供暖方式大面积铺开打下基础。事实上，天津、陕西、河北、河南、山东等省市地热供暖已经走入当地部分居民家中。
In the process of promotion, regions rich in new energy are expected to become "waterfront buildings". According to the evaluation results of the China Geological Survey, the annual exploitable resources of shallow geothermal energy in more than 300 large and medium-sized cities nationwide are equivalent to 700 million tons of standard coal. This will lay a foundation for the large-scale development of new heating methods. In fact, geothermal heating in Tianjin, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and other provinces and cities has entered the homes of some local residents.
成本问题是新能源供暖推广必须跨过的门槛。郭磊宏以天津的试点项目为例介绍，太阳能光伏板、光热板等供暖设备总投入约130万元，按当前太阳能板约20年的寿命来计算，前10年可以回本，后10年基本不用投入新成本。这种模式有望在学校、医院、工业园区等楼顶面积大、可充分利用光照的地方率先投入使用。
The cost problem is the threshold that the promotion of new energy heating must cross. Guo Leihong took the pilot project in Tianjin as an example to introduce that the total investment in heating equipment such as solar photovoltaic panels and solar thermal panels is about 1.3 million yuan. Based on the current solar panel life of about 20 years, the first 10 years can pay back the cost, and the next 10 years basically do not need to put in new costs. This model is expected to take the lead in schools, hospitals, industrial parks and other places where the roof area is large and light can be fully used.
此外，新能源供热的短板需要及时补齐。比如，太阳能供热系统续航能力有待进一步提升，可接入备用电源或日常电网，以备不时之需。对于大数据机房余热供暖，韩建军表示，如何在保证数据中心稳定运行的前提下实现余热科学回收是一个难点，需要进一步探索。
In addition, the shortage of new energy heating needs to be supplemented in time. For example, the endurance of the solar heating system needs to be further improved. It can be connected to the standby power supply or daily power grid for emergency. For heat supply by waste heat of big data machine room, Han Jianjun said that how to realize scientific recovery of waste heat under the premise of ensuring the stable operation of the data center is a difficult point, which needs further exploration.
（据新华社北京11月30日电）
(According to Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, November 30 th)
