由“黑”到“绿” 中国老工业基地的生态“蝶变”

From "Black" to "Green" : Ecological "Butterfly Change" in China's Old Industrial Base

新华社沈阳8月9日电 题：由“黑”到“绿” 中国老工业基地的生态“蝶变”

Xinhua News Agency, Shenyang, August 9 (Xinhua) Question: From "Black" to "Green" : Ecological "Butterfly Change" in China's Old Industrial Base

新华社记者牛纪伟、孙仁斌、王莹

Xinhua News Agency: Niu Jiwei, Sun Renbin, Wang Ying

作为中国老工业基地，辽宁历史上曾污染严重。“黑色”，是这个重工业省份多年来甩不掉的标签。

As China's old industrial base, Liaoning has a history of heavy pollution. "Black" is a label that has stuck with this heavily industrial province for years.

中共十八大以来，辽宁以壮士断腕的勇气，向环境污染行为重拳出击，生态持续改善。“绿色”，已成为辽宁的新底色，也为辽宁全面振兴、全方位振兴注入更多活力。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), Liaoning has taken the courage to crack down on environmental pollution, and its ecology has continued to improve. "Green" has become Liaoning's new background color, but also for Liaoning's comprehensive revitalization, all-round revitalization injected more vitality.

江河奔涌，芳草连天。这个盛夏，辽沈大地一派锦绣风光。

Rivers rush and fragrant grass stretches to the sky. This summer, the land of Liaoning and Shenyang is full of splendid scenery.

绿苇红滩白鹤舞

White Crane Dance on Green Reed and Red Beach

辽宁盘锦，辽河入海口，7000余亩芦苇荡绿浪翻涌。烈日下，50岁的赵仕伟拨开长到路边的苇叶，沿着褐色的木栈道察看鹤舍里出生不久的小丹顶鹤。

Liaoning Panjin, Liaohe estuary, more than 7000 acres of reed marshes green waves surge. In the scorching sun, 50-year-old Zhao Shiwei pushed aside the reed leaves that grew to the roadside and walked along the brown wooden boardwalk to see the newborn red-crowned cranes in the crane house.

“不抢你们的孩子，别害怕……”赵仕伟一边走一边跟丹顶鹤们聊着天。成鹤看到是赵仕伟，扑闪着放下翅膀，慢慢平静下来。

"I won't rob your children, don't be afraid..."Zhao Shiwei chatted with the red-crowned cranes as he walked. The adult red-crowned crane saw Zhao Shiwei, fluttering down wings, slowly calm down.

赵仕伟在这个芦苇荡里工作了31年。当年，大学毕业的他被分配到辽河口国家级自然保护区赵圈河管理站工作。盘锦的滨海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚鸟类迁徙通道中的重要停歇地、越冬地和繁殖地。20世纪八九十年代开始，由于生态环境受到破坏，途经辽河口迁徙的丹顶鹤种群呈现不断下降趋势。

Zhao Shiwei has worked in the reed field for 31 years. When he graduated from college, he was assigned to work at Zhaohuan River Management Station in Liaohekou National Nature Reserve. The coastal wetland of Panjin is an important resting, wintering and breeding ground in the migration route of birds from East Asia to Australia. Since the 1980s and 1990s, the population of red-crowned cranes migrating through the Liaohe Estuary has been declining due to the destruction of the ecological environment.

丹顶鹤是被列入《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》的国家一级保护动物。过去十年间，盘锦加大环境保护力度，把近8万亩围海养殖滩涂逐步恢复成自然滨海湿地，并制定相关文件，不断加大政策扶持力度，引导支持原有围海养殖业户转向开放养殖。

Red-crowned crane is listed in the "World Conservation Union Red List of Endangered Species" of the national first-class protected animals. In the past ten years, Panjin has intensified its efforts to protect the environment and gradually restored nearly 80,000 mu of fenced Marine aquaculture tidal flats into natural coastal wetlands. Relevant documents have been formulated and policy support has been continuously increased to guide and support the original fenced Marine aquaculture households to turn to open aquaculture.

如今，当地近岸海域生态不断修复，这里特有的红色碱蓬草重新大面积出现在近海滩涂，又成为丹顶鹤自由栖息、觅食的家园。

Nowadays, the ecology of the local coastal sea area is constantly restored, and the unique red Suaeda salsa grass appears in a large area in the coastal beach again, and becomes the home of the red-crowned crane to perch and feed freely.

人工繁育，也是丹顶鹤保护的一个重要手段。赵仕伟刚工作时，由于技术不成熟，管理站每年只能人工繁育几只丹顶鹤，有时一只也繁育不出来。

Artificial breeding is also an important means of red-crowned crane conservation. When Zhao was working, the station could only artificially breed a few red-crowned cranes a year, sometimes none, because of immature technology.

赵仕伟说，现在采用“人工+自然”繁育模式，使丹顶鹤种群数量不断增多，“我们共同救助、繁育、放飞的丹顶鹤，已有204只”。

Zhao Shiwei said that the "artificial + natural" breeding mode is now adopted, which has made the population of red-crowned cranes increase continuously. "We have rescued, bred and released 204 red-crowned cranes together."

这是2019年5月9日在辽宁盘锦市林业和湿地保护服务中心鹤类繁育保护站拍摄的丹顶鹤。新华社记者 潘昱龙 摄

This is a red-crowned crane photographed on May 9,2019 at the Crane Breeding and Protection Station of the Forestry and Wetland Protection Service Center in Panjin City, Liaoning Province. Photographed by Pan Yulong, reporter of Xinhua News Agency

这些飞舞的白鹤，只是辽宁近岸海域生态不断向好的缩影。截至2021年底，辽宁省近岸海域优良水质达到91%，消减劣四类海水1858平方公里，主要城市近岸海域基本消除劣四类海水。

These flying cranes are just the epitome of the continuous improvement of the coastal ecology of Liaoning. By the end of 2021, the quality of coastal waters in Liaoning Province had reached 91 percent, and 1,858 square kilometers of inferior and inferior seawater had been reduced, and the coastal waters of major cities had basically been eliminated.

碧水蓝天入画图

Blue Water and Blue Sky Painting

顶着35摄氏度的高温，32岁的陈宇陪朋友到沈阳故宫游玩。他一边带着朋友与这座有着近400年历史的清代皇家宫苑拍照留念，一边拿出自己的手机拍下头顶的蓝天白云发了个微信朋友圈。

In the heat of 35 degrees Celsius, 32-year-old Chen Yu accompanied his friends to visit Shenyang's Forbidden City. While taking photos with his friends with the nearly 400-year-old royal palace of the Qing Dynasty, he took out his mobile phone to take pictures of the blue sky and white clouds overhead and sent a WeChat circle of friends.

“2015年前后，沈阳空气污染很严重，家里空气净化器买了好几个。”陈宇说，“现在这种好天气越来越多，拍照完全不用开滤镜。”

"Around 2015, Shenyang's air pollution was very serious, and I bought several air purifiers at home." Chen Yu said, "There are more and more good weather like this now, so you don't need to use a filter at all," Chen said.

2020年3月17日，游客在沈阳故宫参观。新华社记者 潘昱龙 摄

On March 17,2020, tourists visit the Forbidden City in Shenyang. Photographed by Pan Yulong, reporter of Xinhua News Agency

近年来，沈阳全面淘汰20吨及以下燃煤锅炉共4383台，数量削减达80%，每年减少燃煤量约150万吨；现有总容量3.3万吨的锅炉全部安装高效治理设施及在线监控装置。

In recent years, Shenyang has eliminated a total of 4383 coal-fired boilers with 20 tons or less, reducing the number by 80%, and reducing the amount of coal by about 1.5 million tons every year; The existing total capacity of 33,000 tons of boilers are all installed with efficient management facilities and online monitoring devices.

诸多努力换来这座中国著名重工业城市生态环境的持续改善：2021年，沈阳市大气优良天数达到315天，较2015年增加108天，PM2.5浓度较“十三五”初期下降47.2%。

Many efforts have resulted in the continuous improvement of the ecological environment in China's famous heavy industrial city: In 2021, Shenyang had 315 days of excellent air quality, 108 days more than in 2015, and the concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 47.2% compared with the early period of the 13th Five-Year Plan.

沈阳市生态环境局局长裴希岩说：“达到治理目标后，新的目标又在等着我们。老百姓对良好生态环境的期待，没有最好，只有更好。”

Pei Xiyan, director of Shenyang Ecological Environment Bureau, said: "Once we have achieved our goals, new ones are waiting for us." People's expectations for a good ecological environment are not the best, only better."

从沈阳穿城而过的浑河，是辽河流域的重要河流。经过不间断治理，辽河全流域消除劣五类水体。2022年上半年，辽河150个国家地表水考核断面中优良比例达到82.7%，达到历史同期最好水平。

The Hun River, which passes through Shenyang, is an important river in the Liao River basin. After continuous management, the five inferior water bodies have been eliminated in the Liaohe River basin. In the first half of 2022, 82.7 percent of the surface water sections assessed by 150 countries along the Liaohe River were excellent, the highest level in history.

晚霞中，溽热渐消，鞍山市民走出家门，沿着波光粼粼的辽河支流南沙河散步、健身。过去，由于大量工业、生活污水直排，这里一度臭气熏天。2022年上半年，鞍山市10个国控断面水质全面消除劣五类，国控断面水质优良比例达到90%。

In the evening, as the heat drops, Anshan residents head out to take a walk and exercise along the Nansha River, a shingling tributary of the Liao River. In the past, because of a large number of industrial, domestic sewage straight discharge, here once stinky. In the first half of 2022, the water quality of 10 state-controlled sections in Anshan was completely eliminated from the five categories of poor quality, with 90% of state-controlled sections having excellent water quality.

绿水青山留乡愁

Green Water and Green Mountain Leave Homesickness

午后，送走最后一桌客人，徐洪超坐到自家餐馆门前的太阳伞下悠闲地喝起茶来。

In the afternoon, after seeing off the last table of guests, Xu Hongchao sat down under a sun umbrella in front of his restaurant and drank tea leisurely.

走进丹东大梨树村，黛瓦白墙的民居鳞次栉比、树木掩映的村庄绿水环绕，宛若置身江南水乡。这几年，大梨树村通过植树造林、发展生态旅游业等实现快速发展，年接待游客超过40万人，村集体固定资产超过5亿元。

Entering Dandong Dalishu Village, the white walls of Daiwa's residential houses are lined up one after another, and the green water of the village is surrounded by trees, just like being in the south of the Yangtze River. In recent years, Dalishu Village has achieved rapid development through afforestation and the development of eco-tourism. It receives more than 400,000 tourists a year and the village's collective fixed assets exceed 500 million yuan.

“村子越来越美，人气越来越旺！”曾外出打工多年的徐洪超，几年前选择回乡创业。如今，他年收入超过10万元，生意忙时家人齐上阵，一家人其乐融融，幸福感满满。

"The village is becoming more and more beautiful and popular!" Xu Hongchao, who had gone out to work for many years, chose to go back to his hometown to start a business a few years ago. Today, his annual income of more than 100,000 yuan. When his business is busy, his family members go to work together. They are full of happiness.

这是2019年5月7日拍摄的辽宁省盘锦市鼎翔生态旅游区风光。新华社记者 潘昱龙 摄

This is the scenery of Dingxiang Ecological Tourist Area in Panjin City, Liaoning Province, taken on May 7,2019. Photographed by Pan Yulong, reporter of Xinhua News Agency

目前，辽宁省累计完成4638个行政村环境整治，越来越多的村庄实现产业兴旺、环境宜居，也让越来越多的年轻人来到村庄寻找“乡愁”。

At present Liaoning Province has completed the environmental renovation of 4638 administrative villages in total. More and more villages have achieved prosperous industries and livable environments, and more and more young people come to villages to find "homesickness."

花香阵阵、流水潺潺，营口老边区柳树镇东岗子村里游客三五成群。“这两年我们把外出打工的村民的老宅租赁过来，打造成民宿后承包给专业公司运营。”正带着村干部和村民们清理街路环境的村支书孙福鑫介绍，“今年暑期，周边城市游客的网络订单接到不少。”

Fragrant flowers, murmuring water, Yingkou Laobian District Liushu Town Donggangzi Village tourists in groups. "In the past two years, we rented the old houses of villagers who went out to work, and contracted them to professional companies for operation after building them into homestays." Sun Fuxin, the village branch secretary who is leading the village cadres and villagers to clean up the streets and roads, said, "This summer, we received a lot of online orders from tourists from surrounding cities."

村头的10栋花房里，各色非洲菊开得正艳，经营者张野和花农们正在侍弄花草。这位来自吉林长春的大学毕业生创业者雄心勃勃：“我计划把观光农业搞好，吸引更多游客来玩。村里的生活节奏，更适合我。”（参与采写：崔师豪、黄泽晨）

In the 10 flower houses at the head of the village, all kinds of African chrysanthemum are blooming, and the operator Zhang Ye and the flower farmers are tending to the flowers and plants. The entrepreneur, a college graduate from Changchun, Jilin province, is ambitious: "I plan to do a good job of sightseeing agriculture and attract more tourists to visit. The pace of life in the village is more suitable for me." (Participated in: Cui Shihao, Huang Zechen)