美国损害环境事实清单
U.S. List of Environmental Damage Facts
美国损害环境事实清单
U.S. List of Environmental Damage Facts
作为当今世界最先进的发达国家,美国在环境领域劣迹斑斑，不仅在国内环境保护政策上大开“倒车”，还严重损害全球环境治理的公平、效率和成效，是公认的“共识破坏者”和“麻烦制造者”。美国在环境问题上的所作所为，既无法向美国内民众交代，也欠世界人民一个说法。
As the most advanced developed country in the world today, the United States has a lot of bad records in the field of environment. It has not only "reversed" its domestic environmental protection policies, but also seriously damaged the fairness, efficiency and effectiveness of global environmental governance. It is recognized as a "consensus destroyer" and a "troublemaker". What the United States has done on environmental issues cannot be explained to the people in the United States, nor does it owe the people of the world an explanation.
一、温室气体排放 美国是全球历史第一排放大国、全球累积温室气体排放最多的国家，其1751年至2010年间能源和工业部门排放占全球的27.9%，累积排放量约是中国的3倍。美国还是当前第二排放大国，排放全球占比约为15%。美国人均碳排放居高不下，2017年人均化石燃料排放二氧化碳14.6吨，是全球平均水平的3.3倍，中国的2倍多。美国还是全球累积航空碳排放最多的国家。
1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: the United States is the world's largest emitter in history and the country with the largest cumulative greenhouse gas emissions in the world. From 1751 to 2010, its energy and industrial sectors accounted for 27.9% of the world's emissions, with cumulative emissions about three times that of China. The United States is also currently the second largest emitter, accounting for about 15% of the world's emissions. Per capita carbon emissions in the United States remain high, with 14.6 tons of carbon dioxide emitted from fossil fuels per capita in 2017, 3.3 times the global average and more than 2 times that of China. The United States is also the country with the largest accumulated aviation carbon emissions in the world.
气候变化立场重大倒退。特朗普政府多次称全球变暖是骗局，挑战国际社会应对气候变化的共识。特朗普政府取消了奥巴马政府的清洁能源计划，持续放松化石能源行业发展相关环境约束，废止美行政部门相关气候变化政策举措。据《纽约时报》统计，特朗普政府执政以来，直接或以其他方式撤销了近70项重大环境政策，还有30多项处于撤销进行中，预计将极大增加美国温室气体排放和空气污染致死人数。美国自然资源保护协会等环保机构针对特朗普政府降低环保标准及相关环保问题提起了多项诉讼。由于美消极立场，2017年以来，二十国集团峰会连续三年领导人宣言无法就气候变化内容达成共识，最后均采取“19+1”模式作为妥协。
The stance on climate change has regressed significantly. The Trump administration has repeatedly called global warming a hoax, challenging the international community's consensus on tackling climate change. The Trump administration cancelled the Obama administration's clean energy plan, continued to relax environmental constraints related to the development of the fossil energy industry, and abolished relevant climate change policies and measures of the US administration. According to statistics from the New York Times, since the Trump administration came into power, nearly 70 major environmental policies have been revoked directly or in other ways, and more than 30 are still in the process of revocation, which is expected to greatly increase the death toll from greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution in the United States. Environmental agencies such as the Natural Resources Defense Association of the United States have filed a number of lawsuits against the Trump administration for lowering environmental standards and related environmental issues. Due to the negative position of the United States, since 2017, the leaders' declaration of the G-20 summit has been unable to reach a consensus on the content of climate change for three consecutive years, and finally all adopted the "19 +1" model as a compromise.
退出气候变化《巴黎协定》。2017年6月1日，特朗普政府宣布将退出《巴黎协定》，停止实施“国家自主贡献”。2019年11月4日，美正式启动退约程序。按照有关退约条款规定，美将于2020年11月4日正式退出《巴黎协定》，成为迄今为止唯一一个退出《巴黎协定》的缔约方。美国既不批准《京都议定书》，又悍然退出《巴黎协定》，严重破坏全球气候治理与合作。
Withdraw from the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. On June 1, 2017, the Trump government announced that it would withdraw from the Paris Agreement and stop the implementation of "national independent contribution". On November 4, 2019, the United States officially started the withdrawal process. According to the relevant withdrawal provisions, the United States will formally withdraw from the Paris Agreement on November 4, 2020, becoming the only party to withdraw from the Paris Agreement so far. The United States neither ratified the Kyoto Protocol nor brazenly withdrew from the Paris Agreement, seriously undermining global climate governance and cooperation.
气候行动承诺落实不彰。自1992年10月批准《联合国气候变化框架公约》以来，美排放量仍持续快速增长，且增长趋势保持了15年之久。2010年，美承诺到2020年将在2005年温室气体排放基础上全经济范围减排17%。但截至2018年底，美温室气体排放量比2005年仅下降10.2%，勉强完成其减排目标的60%。2017年，特朗普政府擅自撕毁承诺，宣布拒不履行“到2025年在2005年温室气体排放基础上排放下降26%-28%”的气候行动目标。自2018年起，美连续三年拒绝履行提交“双a年报告”和“国家信息通报”等义务。
2. The implementation of climate action commitments is not clear. Since the ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in October 1992, U.S. Emissions have continued to grow rapidly and the growth trend has maintained for 15 years. In 2010, the United States promised to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 17% across the economy by 2020 based on 2005. However, by the end of 2018, U.S. Greenhouse gas emissions had dropped by only 10.2% from 2005, barely meeting 60% of its emission reduction target. In 2017, the Trump administration tore up its promise without authorization and announced its refusal to fulfill the climate action target of "26%-28% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025 based on 2005". Since 2018, the United States has refused to fulfill its obligations such as submitting "double a-year reports" and "national communications" for three consecutive years.
拒不兑现资金承诺。美国在全球环境基金历史欠款额度最大，总共欠款1.11亿美元，占比95.7%。特朗普政府上台后，宣布停止向绿色气候基金捐资，且拒绝兑现奥巴马政府时期未完成的20亿美元捐资承诺。美还多次以所谓人口贩运、侵犯人权等无端理由，蓄意打压发展中国家项目，严重损害发展中国家用资权利。自2018年起，美拖欠《联合国气候变化框架公约》会费高达1354.7万余欧元。
Refusing to honor financial commitments. The United States has the largest historical debt to the Global Environment Facility, with a total debt of 111 million US dollars, accounting for 95.7%. After the Trump administration came to power, it announced that it would stop donating money to the Green Climate Fund and refused to honor the $2 billion donation pledge that was not completed during the Obama administration. The United States has repeatedly deliberately suppressed projects in developing countries for groundless reasons such as so-called human trafficking and human rights violations, seriously damaging the rights of developing countries to use capital. Since 2018, the United States has owed more than 13.547 million euros to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
三、生物多样性 美国未批准《生物多样性公约》，且未加入生物多样性领域三个重要议定书，包括《关于获取遗传资源和公正和公平分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》及《关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》，彻底游离于全球生物多样性保护合作体系之外。
3. Biodiversity the United States has not ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity. And has not acceded to three important protocols in the field of biodiversity, including the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Remedies, are completely excluded from the global cooperative system for biodiversity conservation.
四、濒危野生动植物种保护 2019年8月12日，美国政府正式批准修改《濒危物种法》中的关键条文，为在野生动物栖息地开展采矿、石油和天然气钻探等商业活动扫除了法律障碍，弱化了濒危物种保护力度。美国是全球第一大虎养殖国，但对人工繁育虎缺乏监管。美国是将全球8种穿山甲从《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）附录II升级到附录I的主要背后推手，但美国内至今只将南非穿山甲列为濒危物种
4. Protection of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: on August 12, 2019, the U.S. Government formally approved the amendment of key provisions in the Endangered Species Act, removing legal obstacles for commercial activities such as mining, oil and gas drilling in wildlife habitats and weakening the protection of endangered species. The United States is the world's largest tiger breeder, but there is a lack of supervision over artificial breeding of tigers. The United States is the main driving force behind the upgrade of 8 pangolins from Appendix II to Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), but so far only South African pangolins have been listed as endangered species in the United States.
五、野生动物贩运 美国是野生动物及其制品贩运的最大目的国和消费国之一。据联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（UNODC）发布的世界野生动物犯罪报告，2005年至2018年世界野生动物罚没共享数据中，北美占38.5%。美国是水生龟鳖、陆龟、狮子及其制品、CITES附录海参等动物最大的贩运目的国。美国也是全球主要的鲨鱼捕捞国，并大量销售鲨鱼油等制品，对鲨鱼资源破坏严重。近年来，美国大量捕捞、出口鲨鱼物种，仅2018年美国就出口了近300万公斤的鲨鱼肉和鱼翅。美高调呼吁全球开展打击野生动物非法贸易，却对其自身进口CITES附录Ⅰ的活体非洲象、加利福尼亚湾石首鱼以及开展象牙贸易避而不谈。
5. Wildlife Trafficking: the United States is one of the largest destination and consumer countries for wildlife and its products trafficking. According to the World Wildlife Crime Report released by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), North America accounted for 38.5% of the world wildlife confiscation and sharing data from 2005 to 2018. The United States is the largest destination country for trafficking in aquatic turtles, tortoises, lions and their products, CITES appendix sea cucumbers and other animals. The United States is also a major shark fishing country in the world and sells shark oil and other products in large quantities, causing serious damage to shark resources. In recent years, the United States has caught and exported a large number of shark species. In 2018 alone, the United States exported nearly 3 million kilograms of shark meat and shark fin. The United States has made a high-profile call for the world to crack down on illegal trade in wildlife, but has avoided talking about its own import of living African elephants, Gulf of California stonefish and ivory trade in CITES Appendix I.
六、废物管理 美国是世界上最大固体废弃物出口国和人均塑料消费大国，但迄今不予批准《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》，阻挡全球塑料垃圾管控进程，阻挠关于加强管控塑料废物修正案的通过。美国罔顾广大发展中国家的环境利益和人民健康，长期将处理能力欠缺的发展中国家作为塑料废物的最终处置场所。据非政府组织巴塞尔行动网络（BAN）发布的调查报告，美国公司2020年仍在非法向发展中国家出口危险电子废物。自2017年7月中国将废塑料等“洋垃圾”纳入《禁止进口固体废物目录》以来，美出于解决自身垃圾出口需求，多次攻击和无理指责中方禁止“洋垃圾”来华，蛮横要求中方撤销禁令。
6. Waste Management: the United States is the world's largest exporter of solid wastes and a major consumer of plastics per capita. However, it has so far refused to ratify the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, blocking the global plastic waste control process and the adoption of amendments on strengthening the control of plastic wastes. Ignoring the environmental interests and people's health of the vast number of developing countries, the United States has long regarded developing countries with insufficient disposal capacity as the final disposal site for plastic waste. According to a survey report released by the non-governmental organization Basel Action Network (BAN), US companies are still illegally exporting hazardous electronic waste to developing countries in 2020. Since July 2017, when China included "foreign garbage" such as waste plastics in the Catalogue of Prohibited Imports of Solid Waste, the United States has repeatedly attacked and unreasonably accused China of banning "foreign garbage" from coming to China in order to solve its own garbage export needs, and arbitrarily demanded China to lift the ban.
七、化学品管理 美国迄未批准化学品三公约，包括《控制危险废物越境转移及其处置巴塞尔公约》《关于在国际贸易中对某些危险化学品和农药采用事先知情同意程序的鹿特丹公约》以及《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》，长期不受约束和管控。联合国环境署《全球汞评估报告》显示，汞的环境排放中50%-60%以上是由于历史原因造成的二次排放。其中，19世纪前汞的环境排放量远大于20世纪以来的汞排放，主要源自美洲地区金矿或银矿的开采。
7. Chemicals Management: the United States has not yet ratified the three chemicals conventions. including the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, have long been unbound and unregulated. The Global Mercury Assessment Report of the United Nations Environment Programme shows that more than 50%-60% of environmental mercury emissions are secondary emissions caused by historical reasons. Among them, the environmental emissions of mercury before the 19th century were much higher than those since the 20th century, mainly from the mining of gold or silver mines in the Americas.
八、防治荒漠化 《全球土地展望》显示，美西部灌溉农田、中南部牧场均面临可能引发土地退化等压力。据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）报告，美国西部草原发现了灌木入侵现象，且仍在快速蔓延中。美1999年至2019年欠缴《联合国防治荒漠化公约》会费共计305.8万余欧元。
8. Desertification Preservation: The Global Land Outlook shows that irrigated farmland in the western United States and pastures in the central and southern parts of the United States are all facing pressures that may lead to land degradation. According to the report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), shrub invasion has been found in the grasslands of the western United States and is still spreading rapidly. The United States owed a total of 3.058 million euros to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification from 1999 to 2019.
九、森林管理 1989年至2018年，美国发生山火总计2210546次，火场面积总计68059232公顷，其中火灾次数年均增长0.6%，火场面积年均增长5.7%。近30年来，美国火灾总次数是中国的11.5倍，火场总面积是中国的10.9倍。截至目前，美加州山火已持续燃烧近两个月，过火面积超过1.6万平方公里，空气质量指数多次爆表，山火产生的碳排放惊人。据统计，今年以来，加州已发生了8200多起山火，造成30多人死亡，超过8400座建筑被毁。
9. Forest Management: from 1989 to 2018, there were 2210546 mountain fires in the United States, with a total fire area of 68059232 hectares, of which the number of fires increased by 0.6% and the fire area increased by 5.7% annually. In the past 30 years, the total number of fires in the United States is 11.5 times that in China, and the total area of fires is 10.9 times that in China. Up to now, the mountain fires in California have been burning continuously for nearly two months, covering an area of more than 16,000 square kilometers. The air quality index has been off the charts many times, and the carbon emissions from the mountain fires are staggering. According to statistics, more than 8,200 mountain fires have occurred in California since this year, killing more than 30 people and destroying more than 8,400 buildings.
十、木材非法采伐 2018年美国人均木材消费量为1.73立方米，是世界人均0.61立方米的近3倍，是中国的4倍。美国内非法采伐和毁林十分严重。美国林务局统计表明，美国每年生产木材中有10%属于盗伐木材，对林主及国有林造成了巨大经济损失，严重破坏了当地环境。同时，美国进口大量不明来源木材，助推了非法采伐活动。
10. Illegal Logging of Timber: in 2018, the per capita timber consumption in the United States was 1.73 cubic meters, nearly three times that of the world's 0.61 cubic meters and four times that of China. Illegal logging and deforestation are very serious in the United States. Statistics from the U.S. Forest Service show that 10% of the timber produced in the United States every year belongs to illegal logging, causing huge economic losses to forest owners and state-owned forests and seriously damaging the local environment. At the same time, the United States imported a large amount of wood from unknown sources, boosting illegal logging activities.
十一、水污染 美国水资源管理不善，水利基础设施年久失修，洪旱灾害频发。水源地遭到污染，清洁饮用水供给不足。水生态环境恶化，每年爆发大规模的蓝藻和水华事件，地下含水层呈长期污染趋势。
11. Water Pollution: in the United States is poorly managed, water conservancy infrastructure is in disrepair, and floods and droughts occur frequently. The water source was polluted and the supply of clean drinking water was insufficient. The water ecological environment deteriorates, large-scale cyanobacteria and bloom events erupt every year, and the underground aquifer shows a long-term pollution trend.
十二、甲烷泄漏 美国页岩气开采存在大量甲烷气体泄漏，对环境危害巨大。根据IPCC相关评估报告，同等质量的甲烷所导致全球增温的潜力是二氧化碳的25倍。2020年8月，美国环保署对甲烷泄漏管制的相关规定进行大幅修改，进一步放松了对油气开采企业甲烷泄漏的管制，引起美国国内众多环保机构的强烈反对。
12. Methane Leakage: there is a large amount of methane leakage in shale gas exploitation in the United States, which is extremely harmful to the environment. According to relevant IPCC assessment reports, the potential for global warming caused by methane of the same quality is 25 times that of carbon dioxide. In August 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drastically revised the relevant regulations on methane leakage control, further relaxing the control on methane leakage from oil and gas exploration enterprises, causing strong opposition from many environmental protection agencies in the United States.
