加强鸟类保护管理 守护候鸟迁徙通道

Strengthen bird protection and management to protect migratory birds' migration channels

2022年8月，吉林省抚松县松江河，一只中华秋沙鸭领着几只中华秋沙鸭宝宝在水中嬉戏。它们时而在水边岩石上休憩，时而临水照影，梳理羽毛。

In August 2022, in Songjiang River, Fusong County, Jilin Province, a Chinese mercurial duck led several Chinese mercurial duck babies to play in the water. Sometimes they rest on the rocks near the water, sometimes they shine in the water and comb their feathers.

2022年10月，数十万只候鸟在吉林省莫莫格湿地翩然起舞。在莫莫格湿地及附近区域共监测到3000多只白鹤，东方白鹳、灰鹤、白头鹤、白额雁、白骨顶鸡等种群数量刷新历史纪录。

In October 2022, hundreds of thousands of migratory birds danced in the Momoge Wetland in Jilin Province. A total of more than 3000 white cranes have been monitored in the Momoge Wetland and nearby areas. The number of Oriental white storks, gray cranes, white-headed cranes, white-fronted geese, and white bone crested chickens has set a new historical record.

2023年２月，阵阵清脆悠长的鸟鸣声中，沉寂了整个冬天的吉林敬信湿地逐步焕发生机。白尾海雕、虎头海雕、秃鹫等稀有猛禽集结在一起，或闲庭信步，或争抢食物，或翱翔天空。

In February 2023, amid the crisp and long chirping of birds, Jilin Jingxin Wetland, which had been silent for the entire winter, gradually came to life. Rare birds of prey, such as white tailed sea eagles, tiger headed sea eagles, and vultures, gather together to stroll around, compete for food, or soar in the sky.

吉林省地理位置独特，湿地资源丰富，位于“东亚—澳大利西亚”候鸟迁徙通道，是白鹤、丹顶鹤、东方白鹳、中华秋沙鸭等濒危物种重要迁徙繁殖地。吉林省候鸟迁徙主要分为东西两线，其中东线始于珲春图们江口，往西伯利亚迁徙，涉及吉林、蛟河、集安等东部各县市。西线始于西辽河，往北迁往西伯利亚，主要包括西部的洮南、通榆、镇赉、长春、农安各县市。其中，向海、莫莫格和敬信等湿地是白鹤、东方白鹳、丹顶鹤等迁徙水鸟的重要停歇地。长白山区既是中华秋沙鸭的繁殖地，也是其重要的迁徙停歇地。

Jilin Province has a unique geographical location and abundant wetland resources. Located in the "East Asia Australasia" migratory bird migration corridor, it is an important migration and breeding place for endangered species such as white cranes, red-crowned cranes, oriental white storks, and Chinese merganser. Migration of migratory birds in Jilin Province is mainly divided into two lines: east and west. The east line starts at the mouth of the Tumen River in Hunchun and migrates to Siberia, involving eastern counties and cities such as Jilin, Jiaohe, and Ji'an. The western route starts from the Xiliao River and moves northward to Siberia, mainly including the counties and cities of Taonan, Tongyu, Zhenlai, Changchun, and Nong'an in the west. Among them, wetlands such as Xianghai, Momog, and Jingxin are important resting places for migratory waterfowl such as white cranes, oriental white storks, and red-crowned cranes. Changbai Mountain Area is not only a breeding ground for Chinese merganser, but also an important migration stop.

目前，吉林省已记录到的鸟类有385种，其中，国家重点保护鸟类101种，包括国家一级保护27种，国家二级保护74种。2022年全省监测发现中华秋沙鸭总数 600余只，比 2018年繁殖种群增长近300只。白鹤每年春秋两季在吉林停歇觅食数量平均在2000多只，占世界现有种群数量的一半以上。

Currently, there are 385 species of birds recorded in Jilin Province, among which 101 are under national key protection, including 27 species under national first level protection and 74 species under national second level protection. In 2022, the provincial monitoring found a total of more than 600 Chinese merganser ducks, an increase of nearly 300 compared to the breeding population in 2018. The average number of white cranes resting and foraging in Jilin every spring and autumn is over 2000, accounting for more than half of the world's existing population.

吉林省高度重视候鸟保护工作，深入落实国家林草局关于候鸟保护的总体部署，采取一系列扎实有效的保护措施，全面推进辖区内候鸟保护工作，取得了显著的成效。

Jilin Province attaches great importance to the protection of migratory birds, deeply implements the overall deployment of the National Forestry and Grass Administration on the protection of migratory birds, takes a series of solid and effective protection measures, comprehensively promotes the protection of migratory birds within its jurisdiction, and has achieved significant results.

做好顶层设计，依法实施候鸟保护。1996年吉林省人大常委会通过了《关于吉林省五年禁止猎捕陆生野生动物的决定》，在全国率先以立法形式规定了全省范围内的全面禁猎，此举标志着吉林省野生动物保护步入了法制化的轨道。全省常态化开展保护专项行动，持续加大对鸟类的保护力度。吉林省林业和草原局积极组织各级野生动物主管部门持续开展野外巡护、清山清套清网活动和候鸟护飞行动，积极会同公安、市场监管、海关、网信等部门联合开展打击非法猎捕和交易野生动物专项执法行动。2021年4月，为有效解决执法部门在执法实践中遇到的困难，吉林省林业和草原局在有关法律规定基础上正式印发了《关于发布禁止使用的猎捕工具和方法的通告》，为进一步做好打击破坏野生动物资源犯罪提供政策依据，填补了在禁用猎捕工具和猎捕方法上配套规定的空白，野生动物保护走在了全国前列。根据近年吉林省野生动物资源调查结果，全省野生鸟类物种数量持续回升。

Do a good job in top-level design and implement migratory bird protection according to law. In 1996, the Standing Committee of the Jilin Provincial People's Congress passed the "Decision on Prohibiting the Hunting of Terrestrial Wild Animals in Jilin Province for Five Years", which took the lead in legislating a comprehensive ban on hunting throughout the province, marking that the protection of wild animals in Jilin Province has entered the track of legalization. The province has regularly carried out special protection actions to continuously increase the protection of birds. Jilin Provincial Forestry and Grassland Bureau actively organizes wildlife authorities at all levels to continue to carry out field patrols, clear mountains, clear nets, and protect migratory birds from flying. It actively cooperates with public security, market supervision, customs, and online information departments to carry out special law enforcement actions against illegal hunting and trading of wildlife. In April 2021, in order to effectively address the difficulties encountered by law enforcement agencies in law enforcement practice, the Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Jilin Province officially issued the "Notice on Issuing Prohibited Hunting Tools and Methods" on the basis of relevant laws and regulations, providing a policy basis for further cracking down on crimes of destroying wildlife resources, filling the gap in supporting regulations on prohibited hunting tools and methods, Wildlife protection is at the forefront of the country. According to the survey results of wild animal resources in Jilin Province in recent years, the number of wild bird species in the province continues to rise.

坚持保护优先，持续改善栖息生境。为维护野生鸟类繁殖栖息地生境完整和健康，吉林省林业和草原局以《森林法》《草原法》《野生动物保护法》《陆生野生动物保护条例》等有关法律法规为依据，在全省范围内组织开展集中整治各类破坏森林草原湿地资源行为，打击重点为非法开垦、占用、采集森林、草原和湿地资源，非法改变森林、草原、湿地用途等行为，为吉林省繁殖候鸟栖息繁衍提供保障。统筹实施林草湿连通工程，通过生态修复，不断扩大候鸟栖息繁殖活动区域，持续改善鸟类生存环境，为促进区域生物多样性持续增长提供基础。吉林省将中华秋沙鸭纳入当前及今后一个时期全省野生动物保护的重点物种，全面保护中华秋沙鸭种群及其栖息生境。编制了《关于加强中华秋沙鸭保护工作的意见》和《吉林省中华秋沙鸭保护总体规划（2021-2030年）》，经吉林省人民政府常务会议审议通过，加强中华秋沙鸭主要分布区、繁殖地、迁飞停歇地、迁飞通道和集群活动区的保护。全省将构建“两地十区十五站”的中华秋沙鸭保护总体格局，保护覆盖总面积达57.39万公顷。

Adhere to the priority of protection and continuously improve habitat. In order to maintain the integrity and health of the habitats where wild birds breed, the Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Jilin Province, based on relevant laws and regulations such as the Forest Law, the Grassland Law, the Wildlife Protection Law, and the Terrestrial Wildlife Protection Regulations, organizes and conducts centralized rectification and control of various acts of destroying forest, grassland, and wetland resources throughout the province, with the focus on illegal reclamation, occupation, and collection of forest, grassland, and wetland resources, and illegal forest change The use of grasslands and wetlands provides protection for the habitat and reproduction of breeding migratory birds in Jilin Province. We will coordinate and implement the forest grass wet connectivity project, continuously expand the habitat and breeding activity area of migratory birds through ecological restoration, continuously improve the living environment of birds, and provide a foundation for promoting the sustainable growth of regional biodiversity. Jilin Province has included the Chinese mercurial duck as a key species for wildlife protection in the province at present and in the future, comprehensively protecting the Chinese mercurial duck population and its habitat. "The Opinions on Strengthening the Protection of Chinese Merry Ducks" and the "Overall Plan for the Protection of Chinese Merry Ducks in Jilin Province (2021-2030)" have been prepared and approved by the executive meeting of the Jilin Provincial People's Government, strengthening the protection of the main distribution areas, breeding grounds, migration stops, migration channels, and cluster activity areas of Chinese Merry Ducks. ". The province will establish an overall pattern of "two places, ten districts, and fifteen stations" for the protection of Chinese mercurial ducks, covering a total area of 573900 hectares.

强化保护措施，促进种群恢复增长。为加强吉林省繁殖候鸟保护管理工作，吉林省林草局积极组织开展了针对包括中华秋沙鸭在内多种濒危繁殖候鸟的人工招引工作。根据不同鸟类生态习性，科学规范地制作人工巢箱，合理设置人工巢位点，并同步进行巢址资源排查统计。目前已在长白山地区悬挂中华秋沙鸭人工巢箱362个，为中华秋沙鸭野外种群恢复增长创造条件。在左家自然保护区悬挂人工巢箱106个，以鸳鸯为主要招引对象，其繁殖成功率约86%。向海国家级自然保护区管理局采用人工支架巢方式成功招引繁殖40余只东方白鹳幼雏，有效增加了东方白鹳这一珍稀物种的种群数量。吉林省林草局近年来根据群众线索和野外监测等途径，积极组织开展野生鸟类救助与放归工作。目前已救助放归包括中华秋沙鸭、雕鸮、短耳鸮、秃鹫等多种国家一、二级保护鸟类，并在2019年将1只白鹤和1只白琵鹭送往辽宁省康平县卧龙湖自然保护区进行放飞，完成吉林省第一次跨省际放飞野生鸟类。近五年来，吉林省累计投入1686万元用于野生动物收容救护工作，充分发挥各地野生动物救护站作用，广泛发动野生动物保护协会和志愿者全面加强野生动物和鸟类的收容救护，累计救护野生动物和鸟类共273种、24500余只，得到了社会各界的大力支持和充分肯定。

Strengthen protection measures to promote population recovery and growth. In order to strengthen the protection and management of breeding migratory birds in Jilin Province, the Forestry and Grass Bureau of Jilin Province has actively organized the manual recruitment of various endangered breeding migratory birds, including the Chinese merganser. According to different ecological habits of birds, scientific and standardized production of artificial nest boxes, reasonable setting of artificial nest sites, and synchronous nest site resource screening and statistics. Currently, 362 artificial nest boxes of Chinese merganser have been hung in the Changbai Mountain area, creating conditions for the recovery and growth of the wild population of Chinese merganser. In Zuojia Nature Reserve, 106 artificial nest boxes are hung, with mandarin ducks as the main attraction, with a reproductive success rate of about 86%. Xianghai National Nature Reserve Management Bureau has successfully recruited and bred more than 40 young oriental white storks using artificial scaffolding nests, effectively increasing the population of this rare species of oriental white stork. In recent years, the Forestry and Grass Bureau of Jilin Province has actively organized the rescue and release of wild birds based on public clues and field monitoring. Currently, various national first-class and second-level protected birds have been rescued and released, including the Chinese mercurial duck, carved owl, short-eared owl, and vulture. In 2019, one white crane and one white spoonbill will be sent to the Wolong Lake Nature Reserve in Kangping County, Liaoning Province for release, completing the first interprovincial release of wild birds in Jilin Province. In the past five years, Jilin Province has invested a total of 16.86 million yuan in wildlife shelter and rescue work, giving full play to the role of local wildlife rescue stations, and widely mobilizing wildlife conservation associations and volunteers to comprehensively strengthen the shelter and rescue of wild animals and birds. A total of 273 species and 24500 birds have been rescued, which has received strong support and full recognition from all sectors of society.

开展监测调查，提供科学有力依据。2022年，吉林省首次启动了迁徙水鸟同步调查。本次迁徙水鸟同步调查以水鸟集群分布的国际重要湿地、国家重要湿地、省级重要湿地、湿地保护区、湿地公园和水鸟重要栖息地等为主要调查区域，在全省共选择99个样区，布设290个样点，基本实现了全省迁徙水鸟分布区域全覆盖。本次迁徙水鸟同步调查将持续至2025年秋季，每年春秋2个迁徙季各调查3次。目前共记录到水鸟81种62.98万余只，结合同步调查情况，制定了9个水鸟迁徙重要区域分布示意图。通过3年半的持续监测，进一步摸清全省迁徙水鸟的种类、数量、分布情况和迁徙动态，将为有效开展候鸟栖息生境保护、野外监测巡护、疫源疫病监测防控、野生动物收容救助、保护政策制定和保护工程实施等工作提供科学依据。

Conduct monitoring and investigation to provide a scientific and powerful basis. In 2022, Jilin Province launched the synchronous survey of migratory waterfowl for the first time. This synchronized survey of migratory waterfowl focuses on the international important wetlands, national important wetlands, provincial important wetlands, wetland reserves, wetland parks, and important waterfowl habitats distributed in waterfowl clusters. A total of 99 sample areas and 290 sample sites were selected throughout the province, basically achieving full coverage of the distribution area of migratory waterfowl throughout the province. The synchronous survey of migratory waterfowl will continue until the autumn of 2025, with three surveys conducted each year in the spring and autumn migration seasons. At present, a total of over 629800 water birds of 81 species have been recorded. Based on the synchronous survey, nine important regional distribution maps for water bird migration have been developed. Through three and a half years of continuous monitoring, further understanding of the species, quantity, distribution, and migration dynamics of migratory waterfowl throughout the province will provide scientific basis for effective implementation of migratory bird habitat protection, field monitoring and patrolling, epidemic source and disease monitoring and control, wildlife shelter and rescue, protection policy formulation, and protection project implementation.

加强宣传教育，提高全民保护意识。吉林省林草局重点围绕本地纳入极度濒危物种保护鸟类的生物特征和生态习性、相关鸟类保护法律法规以及近年来鸟类保护工作成果等，在全省范围内组织开展爱鸟护鸟宣传教育活动，通过设立展板、张贴发放宣传单、制作宣传公益片和宣传视频、悬挂宣传条幅、宣讲野生动物保护法等形式，积极宣传保护野生鸟类等野生动物的重要意义，并号召广大职工群众积极转发微信群、朋友圈，加强群众爱鸟护鸟、保护自然的意识。组织各级林草部门充分利用广播、电视、报刊、网络等传播媒介，积极开展“爱鸟周”、“野生动物保护宣传月”等活动，广泛深入开展宣传教育，切实提高全社会野生动植物保护意识。吉林省根据候鸟回归的时间，将每年4月22日至28日确定为吉林省的“爱鸟周”,自1983年开始每年开展“爱鸟周”宣传教育活动。“爱鸟周”成为了吉林省野生动物保护方面一个著名的品牌活动，是弘扬生态保护意识、传播生态文明的一个重要渠道和平台。

Strengthen publicity and education to raise the awareness of protection among the whole people. Jilin Forestry and Grass Bureau focuses on the biological characteristics and ecological habits of locally protected birds that are included in critically endangered species, relevant bird protection laws and regulations, as well as the achievements of bird protection work in recent years. It organizes and carries out publicity and education activities on bird love and bird protection throughout the province, through setting up exhibition boards, posting and distributing leaflets, producing promotional public welfare videos and promotional videos, hanging promotional banners, and promoting wildlife protection laws, Actively publicize the importance of protecting wild birds and other wild animals, and call on the broad masses of employees to actively forward WeChat groups and circles of friends, to strengthen the awareness of the masses to love birds, protect birds, and protect nature. Organize forest and grass departments at all levels to make full use of media such as radio, television, newspapers, and the Internet, actively carry out activities such as "Bird Loving Week" and "Wild Animal Protection Publicity Month", extensively and deeply carry out publicity and education, and effectively improve the awareness of wildlife protection throughout the society. According to the time of return of migratory birds, Jilin Province has designated April 22-28 as the "Bird Love Week" in Jilin Province, and since 1983, it has carried out annual "Bird Love Week" publicity and education activities. "Love Bird Week" has become a famous brand event in the field of wildlife protection in Jilin Province, and is an important channel and platform for promoting ecological protection awareness and spreading ecological civilization.

开展交流合作，促进保护事业发展。多年来，吉林省联系社会各界，组织专家学者、野生动植物爱好者、保护工作志愿者等积极开展活动，在野生动植物保护的宣传教育、科学研究、技术咨询与培训、清山护区、开展国际合作保护与交流等方面开展了大量工作。完成了中国野生动物保护协会、国家濒危物种管理办公室、国家林草局、国家教委、国家自然科学基金会、省科委等科研项目40余项。与国际野生生物保护学会、世界自然基金会、国际鹤类基金会等国际组织联合开展野外监测、栖息地保护策略研究、卫星跟踪白鹤迁徙途径与停歇地观察研究、吉林省湿地变化与鹤类种群动态研究等项目。一系列交流与合作活动的开展，推进了候鸟保护事业的发展进程。（文：魏静 郭磊 摄影：赵冷冰）

Carry out exchanges and cooperation to promote the development of protection undertakings. Over the years, Jilin Province has contacted all sectors of society and organized experts and scholars, wildlife enthusiasts, protection volunteers, etc. to actively carry out activities. A lot of work has been carried out in the fields of publicity and education on wildlife conservation, scientific research, technical consultation and training, Qingshan Nature Reserve, and international cooperation, protection, and exchange. More than 40 scientific research projects have been completed, including the China Wildlife Conservation Association, the National Endangered Species Management Office, the National Forestry and Grass Administration, the National Education Commission, the National Natural Science Foundation, and the Provincial Science and Technology Commission. Cooperate with international organizations such as the International Wildlife Conservation Society, the World Wide Fund for Nature, and the International Crane Foundation to carry out projects such as field monitoring, habitat protection strategy research, satellite tracking of white crane migration routes and stopover observation research, and research on wetland changes and crane population dynamics in Jilin Province. A series of exchange and cooperation activities have promoted the development process of migratory bird protection. (Text: Wei Jing, Guo Lei Photographer: Zhao Lengbing)