绿色低碳大潮下港口与航运如何抉择
How to choose port and shipping under the tide of green and low carbon
当前，推动减污降碳协同增效，已成为港口与航运的一个热点议题。从国内看，港口集疏运卡车、港作机械、港内车辆清洁化，以及岸电覆盖率、营运船舶减排等被纳入“十四五”相关规划。另外，国际航运的脱碳要求也更加严格。国际海事组织（IMO）通过全球首个航运业温室气体减排的初步战略。相关短期、中期和长期候选措施中，船舶能效指数(EEXI)和年度营运碳强度指标(CII)，在2023年1月1日全面实施，部分船舶将面临履约考验。
At present, it has become a hot topic in ports and shipping to promote synergy in pollution reduction and carbon reduction From a domestic point of view, port collection and distribution trucks, port machinery, and vehicle cleaning in the port, as well as shore power coverage and emission reduction of operating ships have been included in the relevant plans of the 14th Five-Year Plan. In addition, the decarbonization requirements for international shipping are more stringent. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopts the world's first initial strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the shipping industry. Among the relevant short-, medium- and long-term candidate measures, the Ship Energy Efficiency Index (EEXI) and the Annual Operating Carbon Intensity Index (CII) will be fully implemented on January 1,2023, and some ships will face compliance tests.
绿色低碳大潮之下，我国港口和航运业如何能够把握机遇，积极投资替代能源技术，推进绿色低碳转型，提升全球竞争力和影响力？在“2022中国蓝天先锋论坛”上，亚洲清洁空气中心发布的《蓝港先锋2022：中国典型港口空气与气候协同力评价》和《航运先锋2022：航运减污降碳进展研究》建议，政府部门需持续强化政策顶层设计，港口与航运企业应积极制定绿色发展战略和减排目标，探索创新多方合作的减排模式，加快实现港口与航运业的绿色转型，推动交通强国的建设。
Under the tide of green and low-carbon, how can China's port and shipping industry seize the opportunity, actively invest in alternative energy technologies, promote green and low carbon transformation, and enhance global competitiveness and influence? At the "2022 China Blue Sky Pioneer Forum," the Asian Clean Air Center released "Blue Port Pioneer 2022:Evaluation of Air and Climate Synergy of Typical Ports in China and Shipping Pioneer 2022:Research on Progress in Shipping Pollution Reduction and Carbon Reduction suggests that government departments need to continuously strengthen the top-level design of policies, ports and shipping enterprises should actively formulate green development strategies and emission reduction targets, explore innovative emission reduction modes of multi-party cooperation, accelerate the green transformation of ports and shipping industries, and promote the construction of a transportation power.
大量研究表明，航运业已成为影响港口城市空气质量的重要排放来源，尤其是繁忙的港口和航道附近。一些港口城市的大气污染物排放清单结果显示，船舶所排放的废气占城市大气污染物排放量的20%至40%。此外，港口机械、集疏运车辆、港作船舶等排放源也不容忽视。
Numerous studies have shown that the shipping industry has become a significant source of emissions affecting air quality in port cities, especially near busy ports and waterways. Air pollutant emission inventories in some port cities show that the exhaust gas emitted by ships accounts for 20% to 40% of the city's air pollutant emissions. In addition, emission sources such as port machinery, collection and distribution vehicles, and port ships cannot be ignored.
船舶靠泊期间使用岸电可有效减少空气污染物和温室气体排放。《蓝港先锋2022》报告显示，我国港口岸电建设取得阶段性成果，2021年我国内河港专业化泊位岸电覆盖率基本达到100%，岸电使用率稳步提升，靠港船舶辅机排放得到有效控制。有可得数据的6个内河港岸电使用率平均值为43%。
The use of shore power during ship berthing can effectively reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the report of "Blue Port Pioneer 2022," China 's port power construction has made phased achievements. In 2021, the shore power coverage rate of specialized berths in inland river ports in China will basically reach 100%, the shore power utilization rate will be steadily improved, and the discharge of auxiliary engines of ships at ports will be effectively controlled. The average utilization of shore power in the six inland river ports for which data are available is 43 per cent.
亚洲清洁空气中心交通项目主任成慧慧说：“这与2021年实施的《长江保护法》有关，法案的实施对长江流域港口岸电的使用起到了有力的推动作用。”
The Director of Transport Programme of the Asian Clean Air Centre, Ms Grace Shing, said:"This is related to the Yangtze River Protection Law implemented in 2021, which has played a strong role in promoting the use of electricity at ports and ports in the Yangtze River Basin."
值得注意的是，尽管内河港岸电使用率稳步提升，但沿海港岸电使用亟需突破瓶颈。根据《航运先锋2022》，2021年停靠我国沿海港口的国际航行集装箱船、散货船的高压岸电受电设施配备率仅为5%。成慧慧表示：“目前推动靠港国际航行船舶岸电使用缺少有力约束机制和激励措施。港口一方面应尽快推动已具备岸电受电设施的船舶靠港时尽量使用岸电，同时，也应强化岸电使用监管，明确岸电使用在港口方和船舶方的责任和罚则。”
It is worth noting that although the utilization rate of shore power in inland ports has steadily increased, the use of shore power in coastal ports urgently needs to break through the bottleneck. According to the Shipping Pioneer 2022, the high-voltage shore power receiving facilities of international voyage container ships and bulk carriers calling at China's coastal ports in 2021 will only be 5%. Cheng Huihui said:"At present, there is a lack of strong constraint mechanisms and incentives to promote the use of shore power for ships calling at ports. On the one hand, ports should promote the use of shore power as much as possible when ships with shore power receiving facilities are docked as soon as possible, and at the same time, they should also strengthen the supervision of shore power use, and clarify the responsibilities and penalties for the use of shore power in the port and ship side.”
“我国港口可以为国际航行船舶进一步减排提供更便利的条件，比如要求为国际航行船舶提供服务的码头普遍配备岸电供电设施，为船舶靠港使用岸电创造条件。”交通运输部水运科学研究院首席研究员彭传圣说。
"China's ports can provide more convenient conditions for further emission reduction of ships sailing internationally. For example, it is required that the wharfs providing services for ships sailing internationally are generally equipped with shore power supply facilities, so as to create conditions for ships to use shore power when berthing at ports." Ministry of Transport Water Transport Research Institute chief researcher Peng Chuansheng said.
港口能源转型不仅要优化港口自身能源消费结构，也要提升能源生产或供应中“绿电”的占比，从而降低港口用能的全生命周期排放。在能源消费结构优化方面，部分港口清洁化进程更加领先。厦门港、湛江港、宁波舟山港、武汉港的比例均超过50%。
Port energy transformation should not only optimize the energy consumption structure of the port itself, but also increase the proportion of "green electricity" in energy production or supply, so as to reduce the whole life cycle emission of port energy consumption. In terms of optimization of energy consumption structure, the cleaning process of some ports is more advanced. Xiamen Port, Zhanjiang Port, Ningbo Zhoushan Port and Wuhan Port all account for more than 50%.
短期船舶能效的提升，中长期替代能源的应用，是航运脱碳的关键。根据《航运先锋2022》，新船订单中减碳技术的应用比例明显提升。以集装箱船、散货船和油轮三大主力船型为例，截至2022年11月底，新船订单中应用节能技术和替代燃料的船舶运力占比范围分别达到了22.3%至40.6%和14%至37%。
The improvement of short-term ship energy efficiency and the application of medium-and long-term alternative energy sources are the key to shipping decarbonization. According to Shipping Pioneer 2022, the proportion of carbon reduction technology applications in new ship orders has increased significantly. Taking container ships, bulk carriers and oil tankers as an example, by the end of November 2022, the proportion of ship capacity applying energy-saving technology and alternative fuels in new ship orders reached 22.3% to 40.6% and 14% to 37% respectively.
成慧慧表示：“相关部门可考虑加强对能源转型的财政支持，给港口和航运更多转型的动力。港口应优先选择有助于实现长期零排放目标的能源替代路径，积极探索纯电动等替代能源的规模化应用。航运公司也需尽早开展零碳船用能源的布局和应用，同时发挥纽带作用，联动各方积极参与替代燃料技术的开发与应用。”
Cheng Huihui said:"Relevant departments can consider strengthening financial support for energy transition to give ports and shipping more impetus for transformation. Ports should prioritize energy alternative pathways that can help achieve long-term zero emission goals, and actively explore the large-scale application of alternative energy sources such as pure electric vehicles. Shipping companies also need to carry out the layout and application of zero-carbon marine energy as soon as possible, and at the same time play a role as a link to actively participate in the development and application of alternative fuel technologies."
“我国航运业的绿色低碳转型，不仅有助于实现‘双碳’目标，协同减少空气污染物排放，航运业全球竞争力和影响力也会得到进一步提升。”交通运输部规划研究院环境资源所总工程师李悦表示。
"The green and low carbon transformation of China's shipping industry will not only help to achieve the 'double-carbon' goal and reduce air pollutant emissions, but also further enhance the global competitiveness and influence of the shipping industry." said Li Yue, chief engineer of the Environmental Resources Institute of the Planning and Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport.
转向近零排放是我国迈向“碳中和”趋势下的港口发展必由之路，也是建设世界一流港口、增加全球竞争力的重要砝码。国内一些港口集团正在积极承担减排主体责任，如山东省港口集团发布了港口移动源大气污染物和温室气体排放清单，以及可量化的绿色低碳港口“十四五”规划。一些领先的航运公司也相继做出气候承诺，推动航运脱碳，如马士基、赫伯罗特、海洋网联、日本邮船等均设定了净零排放目标。这些行业先锋正在成为业内减污降碳的标杆，其做法值得更多港口与航运企业参考借鉴。
Shifting to near-zero emissions is the only way for China to move towards the development of ports under the trend of "carbon neutrality", and it is also an important weight for building world-class ports and increasing global competitiveness. Some domestic port groups are actively assuming the main responsibility for emission reduction, such as Shandong Port Group, which has released an inventory of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources in ports, as well as the quantifiable "14th Five-Year Plan" for green and low-carbon ports. Some leading shipping companies have also made climate commitments to decarbonise shipping, such as Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, Ocean Network, NYK and others, which have set net-zero targets. These industry pioneers are becoming benchmarks for pollution reduction and carbon reduction in the industry, and their practices are worthy of reference for more port and shipping companies.
港口和航运业的减排需要多方参与，积极探索创新多方合作的减排模式。气候工作基金会顾问冯淑慧指出，“管理部门、港口、航运公司、能源供应商、货主等可共同探索绿色航运走廊模式，推动低排放、零排放船舶的规模化应用”。
The emission reduction of port and shipping industry needs multi-party participation and actively explores and innovates the emission reduction mode of multi-party cooperation. According to Feng Shuhui, consultant of the Climate Work Foundation,"management departments, ports, shipping companies, energy suppliers, cargo owners, etc. can jointly explore the green shipping corridor model and promote the large-scale application of low-emission and zero-emission ships."
