解读中国脱贫攻坚非凡壮举：“中国答卷”彰显制度优势

Interpreting China's extraordinary feat of poverty alleviation: "China Answers" highlights institutional advantages

脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利，不仅得益于中国特色减贫道路，还在于调动了广大贫困群众积极性、主动性、创造性

The overall victory in the fight against poverty not only benefited from the road of poverty reduction with China characteristics, but also mobilized the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the broad masses of poor people.

我国脱贫攻坚取得了举世瞩目成就，不仅让全国贫困人口共享发展成果，也为全球减贫事业作出了重大贡献。脱贫攻坚交出的“中国答卷”，彰显了中国特色社会主义制度优势。

China has made remarkable achievements in tackling poverty, which not only allows the poor people in the country to share the fruits of development, but also makes great contributions to the cause of global poverty reduction. The "China Answer Sheet" handed over from tackling poverty shows the institutional advantages of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

消除贫困首先属于发展问题。改革开放之后，我国将工作重心转移到经济建设上来，启动农村经营体制改革，推进中国特色社会主义市场经济体制建设，推动经济社会持续发展，为解决贫困问题提供了物质基础。消除贫困同时也是一个经济社会发展成果如何共享的问题。党的十九大提出，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。消除贫困是促进平衡发展的重要命题。

Poverty eradication is first and foremost a matter of development. After the reform and opening up, China shifted the focus of its work to economic construction, started the reform of the rural management system, promoted the construction of the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, and promoted the sustainable economic and social development, which provided the material foundation for solving the problem of poverty. Poverty eradication is also a question of how to share the fruits of economic and social development. According to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, the principal contradiction facing Chinese society has evolved into that between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people's ever-growing needs for a better life. Poverty eradication is an important proposition for promoting balanced development.

脱贫攻坚战取得全面胜利，不仅得益于中国特色减贫道路，还在于调动了广大贫困群众积极性、主动性、创造性。一方面，各级党委和政府建立帮扶机制，加大财政转移支付力度，实施产业扶持和社会救助政策，努力克服贫困人口生存发展所面临的区域性、群体性与个体性的不利条件。另一方面，在实施脱贫攻坚过程中，坚持开发式扶贫方针，坚持把发展作为解决贫困的根本途径，充分发掘当地优势，激发脱贫内生动力，将改变贫困人口的思想观念摆在前头，做到扶贫先扶志，让他们心热起来、行动起来。脱贫攻坚实现了党和政府的帮扶与广大贫困群众积极主动参与的有机结合。

The overall victory in the battle against poverty is attributable not only to the poverty reduction path with Chinese characteristics, but also to the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the poor people. On the one hand, Party committees and governments at all levels have established assistance mechanisms, increased financial transfer payments, implemented industrial support and social assistance policies, and tried to overcome the regional, collective and individual disadvantages faced by the poor population in their survival and development. On the other hand, in the process of poverty alleviation, we have adhered to the policy of development-oriented poverty alleviation, taken development as the fundamental way to solve poverty, fully exploited local advantages, stimulated the internal driving force for poverty alleviation, given priority to changing the mindset of the poor population, and encouraged them to take action first. Poverty alleviation has realized the organic combination of the help of the Party and the government and the active participation of the masses in poverty.

脱贫攻坚，贵在精准，重在精准。党的十九大把精准脱贫作为三大攻坚战之一进行全面部署，锚定全面建成小康社会目标，聚力攻克深度贫困堡垒。这些深度贫困地区存在着资源禀赋方面的先天不足，如果有限扶持资金、扶持政策大水漫灌，那么贫困地区、贫困人口脱贫难度就会极大。正因如此，我们坚持精准扶贫方略，坚持对扶贫对象实行精细化管理、对扶贫资源实行精确化配置、对扶贫对象实行精准化扶持，因村因户因人施策，因贫困原因施策，因贫困类型施策，措施有力，真正发挥拔穷根的作用，提高了脱贫效率。

To get rid of poverty, it is important to be precise and accurate. The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China comprehensively deployed precision poverty alleviation as one of the three major battles, anchored the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and concentrated on overcoming the fortress of deep poverty. These deep poverty-stricken areas have inherent deficiencies in resource endowment. If limited support funds and policies are flooded, it will be extremely difficult for poor areas and poor people to get rid of poverty. For this reason, we adhere to the precise poverty alleviation strategy, adhere to the precise management of poverty alleviation targets, implement precise allocation of poverty alleviation resources, and implement precise support for poverty alleviation targets. Because of the village's policies for households and people, policies for poverty reasons, and policies for poverty types, the measures are powerful, which really play the role of uprooting the poor and improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation.

强有力的组织动员能力是打赢脱贫攻坚战的重要保障。党中央要求脱贫攻坚由五级书记齐抓，中央的统筹部署能够得到不折不扣执行，相关政策能够落实到具体的贫困村、贫困户和贫困人，依赖于我国自上而下建立起来的一套强有力的组织体系。脱贫攻坚不仅取得了消除贫困方面的实际效果，还在此过程中检验和锻炼了各级组织的动员能力，让党群关系、干群关系得到极大巩固和发展。

Strong organizational mobilization ability is an important guarantee to win the battle against poverty. The Party Central Committee requires that the five-level secretary should make concerted efforts to get rid of poverty, that the overall plan of the central government can be carried out to the letter, and that relevant policies can be implemented in specific poor villages, poor households and poor people, relying on a powerful organizational system established from top to bottom in China. Poverty alleviation has not only achieved practical results in poverty eradication, but also tested and exercised the mobilization ability of organizations at all levels in the process, which greatly consolidated and developed the relationship between the party and the masses and the relationship between cadres and the masses.

面向未来，作为群体性和区域性的绝对贫困在我国不会存在，但是个体偶发性困难以及相对贫困依然可能发生。脱贫攻坚目标任务完成后，相关工作要朝着满足人民美好生活需要的目标推进，构建防止脱贫人口再次返贫机制，增强中西部地区的发展能力，切实做好巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接各项工作。

Facing the future, absolute poverty as a group and region will not exist in China, but individual sporadic difficulties and relative poverty may still occur. After the completion of the task of tackling poverty, the relevant work should be promoted towards meeting the needs of the people's better life, building a mechanism to prevent the poverty-stricken people from returning to poverty again, enhancing the development capacity of the central and western regions, and earnestly doing a good job in consolidating and expanding the achievements of tackling poverty and effectively connecting rural revitalization.

（作者为武汉大学中国乡村治理研究中心教授）

The author is a professor at China Rural Governance Research Center of Wuhan University).

《 人民日报 》（ 2021年03月03日 05 版）

People's Daily (March 3, 2021, 05 edition)