钟秉枢：落实立德树人根本任务 规范非学科类校外培训
Zhong Bingshu: the implementation of the fundamental task of moral education to regulate non-disciplinary out-of-school training
在全国深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，以党的二十大精神为指引，深刻理解并把握加快义务教育优质均衡发展，落实立德树人根本任务的关键时刻，教育部等十三部门发布了《关于规范面向中小学生的非学科类校外培训的意见》(以下简称《意见》)，明确了非学科类校外培训的意义，阐释了非学科类校外培训的性质，强调了非学科类校外培训的监管要求，对持续巩固提高“双减”工作水平，加快构建高质量基础教育体系，培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人具有重要意义。
At a critical moment when the nation is deeply studying and implementing Xi Jinping's Socialist Thought with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, guided by the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, deeply understanding and grasping the fundamental task of accelerating the quality and balanced development of compulsory education and implementing moral education, the Ministry of Education and 13 other departments have issued the Opinions on Regulating Non-School Training for Primary and Secondary School Students (hereinafter referred to as "Opinions"), which clarify the meaning of non-school training, explain the nature of non-school training, and emphasize the regulatory requirements for non-school training. The Opinions clarify the meaning of non-disciplinary out-of-school training, explain the nature of non-disciplinary out-of-school training, and emphasize the regulatory requirements for non-disciplinary out-of-school training, which is of great significance to continuously consolidate and improve the level of "double reduction", accelerate the construction of a high-quality basic education system, and cultivate socialist builders and successors who are well-rounded in moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic and labor development.
一、把握培训性质——有益补充
I. Grasp the nature of training - a useful supplement
党的十八大以来，习近平总书记十分关心青少年的健康成长，多次强调：要深化教育改革，推进素质教育。素质教育是教育的核心，教育要注重以人为本、因材施教，注重学用相长、知行合一，着力培养学生的创新精神和实践能力，促进学生德智体美全面发展。党的二十大报告更是强调：坚持以人民为中心发展教育，加快建设高质量教育体系，发展素质教育，促进教育公平。十年来，国家先后出台了一系列重要文件，构建以发展素质教育为导向的评价体系，将学生思想品德、体质健康、艺术修养和劳动实践纳入综合素质评价，引导学校深入实施素质教育，克服“唯分数”“唯升学”倾向。
Since the 18th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has been very concerned about the healthy growth of young people and has repeatedly stressed the need to deepen education reform and promote quality education. Quality education is the core of education, education should focus on people-oriented, according to the material, focus on the use of learning, knowledge and practice, focus on cultivating the innovative spirit and practical ability of students, and promote the overall development of students' moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic. The report of the 20th Party Congress even emphasizes: insisting on people-centered development of education, accelerating the construction of a high-quality education system, developing quality education, and promoting educational equity. In the past ten years, the state has issued a series of important documents to build an evaluation system oriented to the development of quality education, to include students' ideological and moral character, physical health, artistic cultivation and labor practice in the comprehensive quality evaluation, to guide schools to implement quality education in depth, and to overcome the tendency of "score-only" and "promotion-only". "tendency.
此次出台的《意见》明确：“全面规范非学科类培训，使其成为学校教育的有益补充，促进学生全面发展和健康成长”。“非学科类培训内容应与培训对象的年龄、身体素质、认知水平相适应，符合身心特点和教育规律，满足学生多层次、多样化学习需求”。由此我们看到，有效减轻义务教育阶段学生过重作业负担和校外培训负担的根本目的是保障学生身心健康发展，核心内容是调整优化学生身体负担、智力负担和非智力负担。非学科类校外培训应在各地各校构建“双减”背景下德智体美劳全面培养的教育体系中发挥正面积极作用，满足学生发展综合素质的多样化需求，成为学校教育的有益补充，而不应围绕中考应试、高考加分的内容进行培训，甚至暗中与招生入学挂钩，成为“应试”的帮凶。
The introduction of the "opinion" clearly: "comprehensive regulation of non-disciplinary training, so that it becomes a useful supplement to school education, to promote the overall development and healthy growth of students. "The content of non-disciplinary training should be adapted to the age, physical fitness and cognitive level of the training target, in line with physical and mental characteristics and the laws of education, to meet the multi-level and diversified learning needs of students." From this we see that the fundamental purpose of effectively reducing the excessive burden of homework and off-campus training for students in compulsory education is to ensure the healthy physical and mental development of students, and the core content is to adjust and optimize the physical, intellectual and non-intellectual burdens of students. Non-disciplinary out-of-school training should play a positive and active role in the construction of a comprehensive education system for the cultivation of moral, intellectual, physical, social and aesthetic development in the context of "double reduction" in all schools around the world, to meet the diversified needs of students to develop comprehensive quality, and become a useful supplement to school education, rather than training around the content of the secondary school entrance examinations and entrance examinations, and even implicitly linked to enrollment It should not be linked to admissions and become an accomplice to "test-taking".
二、规范体育培训——纳入正轨
II.Regulate sports training - into the right track
党的十八大以来，习近平总书记与青少年频频互动，对当代中国青少年寄予了殷切期望：身体是人生一切奋斗成功的本钱，少年儿童要注意加强体育锻炼，家庭、学校、社会都要为少年儿童增强体魄创造条件，让他们像小树那样健康成长，长大后成为建设祖国的栋梁之才。少年强、青年强是多方面的，既包括思想品德、学习成绩、创新能力、动手能力，也包括身体健康、体魄强壮、体育精神。2020年中办国办《关于全面加强和改进新时代学校体育工作的意见》提出：合理安排校外体育活动时间，着力保障学生每天校内、校外各1个小时体育活动时间，促进学生养成终身锻炼的习惯。“双减”政策实施之后，学生有更多的时间开展体育活动，培训需求显著提升，与此同时校外体育培训出现了一些乱象和问题，亟须加强规范。
Since the 18th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has frequently interacted with young people and has placed great expectations on contemporary Chinese youth: the body is the capital of success in all struggles of life, children and youth should pay attention to strengthening physical exercise, families, schools and society should create conditions for children and youth to strengthen their physical fitness, so that they can grow up healthy like small trees and grow up to be the pillars of building the motherland. Young people are strong, young people are strong is multifaceted, including both ideological and moral, academic performance, innovative ability, hands-on ability, but also physical health, physical strength, sportsmanship. 2020 China Office of the State Office "on the comprehensive strengthening and improvement of school sports work in the new era," proposed: reasonable arrangements for out-of-school sports activities, and efforts to ensure that students have one hour of physical activity time each day in school and out of school, to promote Students develop the habit of lifelong exercise. After the implementation of the "double reduction" policy, students have more time to carry out sports activities, and the demand for training has increased significantly, while at the same time there are some chaos and problems with out-of-school sports training, and it is urgent to strengthen the regulation.
此次出台的《意见》明确：“各地要区分体育、文化艺术、科技等类别培训机构，明确相应主管部门”，“各地要细化并公布各行业培训类别的清单目录，并根据新出现的培训类型，及时进行动态调整”。这是在体育总局印发《课外体育培训行为规范》的基础上，国家层面对于体育培训行业的最新纲领性文件，有利于进一步深化体教融合，加强对校外体育培训机构的监管和引导，将其纳入法治化常态化的监管轨道。《意见》的出台，将为校外体育培训的场馆、课程、师资质量等设置底线要求，提高行业整体门槛，防止一些资质不全的机构以次充好、扰乱市场，提高校外体育培训的服务水平和服务质量，使学生和家长享受到更多更好的体育培训服务。
The introduction of the "views" clearly: "localities to distinguish sports, culture and arts, science and technology and other categories of training institutions, to clarify the corresponding authorities", "localities to refine and publish the list of training categories in each industry directory, and according to the newly emerged types of training, timely and dynamic adjustment ". This is the General Administration of Sports issued "extracurricular sports training code of conduct" on the basis of the latest programmatic documents at the national level for the sports training industry, which is conducive to further deepening the integration of sports and education, strengthening the supervision and guidance of out-of-school sports training institutions, which will be incorporated into the rule of law and normalized regulatory track. The introduction of the "Opinions" will set the bottom line requirements for out-of-school sports training venues, curriculum, teacher quality, etc., raise the overall industry threshold, to prevent some incomplete institutions to substandard, disrupt the market, improve the level of service and service quality of out-of-school sports training, so that students and parents enjoy more and better sports training services.
三、健全监管机制——协同治理
III.Sound regulatory mechanism - collaborative governance
党的十八大以来，习近平总书记十分强调治理体系和治理能力的现代化。党的二十大报告更是明确要求，到2035年基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。为贯彻落实中央的要求，2021年中办、国办《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担的意见》要求：坚持政府主导、多方联动，强化政府统筹，落实部门职责，发挥学校主体作用，健全保障政策，明确家校社协同责任。
Since the 18th Party Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping has placed great emphasis on the modernization of the governance system and governance capacity. The report of the 20th Party Congress even explicitly requires that the national governance system and governance capacity be basically modernized by 2035. In order to implement the requirements of the central government, the Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Students' Homework and Off-Campus Training at the Compulsory Education Stage of 2021 by the Central Office and the State Office require: adhering to government-led and multi-linked efforts, strengthening government coordination, implementing departmental responsibilities, playing the main role of schools, improving protection policies, and clarifying the responsibilities of home-school-society collaboration.
针对非学科类培训行业属性突出、种类繁多等特点，此次出台的《意见》明确，要坚持部门协同的工作原则：“健全在地方党委和政府统一领导下，各部门齐抓共管、高效联动、密切配合的协作机制，形成治理合力，提升治理效能” “建立党委和政府领导下各部门分工合作的联合执法机制，推进上下级之间、同级之间、异地之间的协调联动”。由此我们看到，涉及非学科类校外培训相关的主体有党政部门(包括党政领导部门、政府职能部门，如发改、教育、体育、文旅、科技、民政、市场监管、金融、网信等)、社会组织(包括协会、群团、社区、俱乐部、基金会、户外营地、赛事组织等)、企事业单位(包括科研院所、少体校、少年宫、赞助商、制造商、健身房、场馆等)、学校(包括中学、小学、幼儿园等)、家庭(包括父母、祖父母、兄弟、姊妹等)和个人(包括培训从业人员、学生等)等至少六个方面。加强非学科类校外培训管理，要求从以往的单元治理向各方协同治理的方向发展，努力建立以政府为主导，家庭、学校、社会等多元利益相关主体共同参与的治理机制，形成多元利益主体共同参与的治理局面。
For non-disciplinary training industry attributes prominent, a wide variety of characteristics, the introduction of the "views" clearly, to adhere to the work of the departmental synergy principle: "improve under the unified leadership of the local party committee and government, all departments together, efficient linkage, close cooperation and collaboration mechanism to form a governance synergy, improve the effectiveness of governance" "Establish a joint law enforcement mechanism under the leadership of the party committee and government with the division of labor and cooperation among various departments, and promote coordination and linkage between the upper and lower levels, between the same level and between different places." From this we see that the subjects involved in non-disciplinary out-of-school training-related subjects are party and government departments (including party and government leadership departments, government functions such as development and reform, education, sports, cultural tourism, science and technology, civil affairs, market supervision, finance, network information, etc.), social organizations (including associations, groups, communities, clubs, foundations, outdoor camps, tournament organizations, etc.), enterprises and institutions (including research institutes, junior sports schools, juvenile palaces, sponsors, manufacturers, gyms, arenas, etc.), schools (including secondary schools, elementary school, kindergartens, etc.), families (including parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, etc.) and individuals (including training practitioners, students, etc.), and at least six other areas. Strengthening the management of non-disciplinary out-of-school training requires moving from the previous unitary governance to the direction of collaborative governance among all parties, striving to establish a governance mechanism led by the government with the participation of multiple stakeholders such as families, schools and society, and forming a governance situation in which multiple stakeholders participate together.
规范面向中小学生的非学科类校外培训时间紧、任务重。《意见》要求：到2023年6月底，各地非学科类培训政策制度体系基本建立，常态化监管机制基本健全，对2023年6月底前仍不能完成整改的培训机构依法依规严肃处理。到2024年，非学科类培训治理成效显著，家庭支出负担有效减轻，非学科类培训成为学校教育的有益补充，人民群众对教育的满意度明显提升。我们唯有按照党的二十大报告的要求，牢记空谈误国、实干兴邦，坚定信心、同心同德，埋头苦干、奋勇前进，才能在党委和政府统一领导下，切实落实好规范非学科类校外培训的目标要求，为发展素质教育营造良好环境，促进中小学生全面发展健康成长。(国家教材委体育艺术学科专委会主任，首都体育学院教授、原院长 钟秉枢)
The time frame for regulating non-disciplinary out-of-school training for primary and secondary school students is tight and the task is heavy. The Opinions require that by the end of June 2023, the policy and institutional system for non-disciplinary training will be basically established, the regular monitoring mechanism will be basically sound, and training institutions that cannot complete the rectification and reform by the end of June 2023 will be seriously dealt with in accordance with the law. By 2024, the governance of non-disciplinary training will be effective, the burden of family expenses will be effectively reduced, non-disciplinary training will become a useful supplement to school education, and the people's satisfaction with education will be significantly increased. The only way we can effectively implement the goal of regulating non-subjective out-of-school training is to follow the requirements of the 20th Party Congress report, remember that empty talk misleads the country and practical work prospers the nation, be firm in our confidence, be of one heart and one mind, work hard and move forward, so as to effectively implement the goal of regulating non-subjective out-of-school training under the unified leadership of the Party committee and the government, create a good environment for the development of quality education, and promote the overall development and healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. (Zhong Bingshu, director of the National Textbook Committee's Special Committee on Physical Education and Art Subjects, professor and former president of the Capital Institute of Physical Education)
