“蓝碳”经济成为新“蓝海”
"Blue Carbon" Economy Becomes New "Blue Ocean"
很多人知道“绿碳”，即利用绿色植物光合作用吸收二氧化碳而产生的碳汇；相比之下，人们对来自海洋生物的“蓝碳”——海洋碳汇，还比较陌生。
Many people know that "green carbon", that is, the use of green plants to absorb carbon dioxide photosynthesis carbon sinks;In contrast, people from marine life "blue carbon"-ocean carbon sink, is still relatively unfamiliar.
从渤海湾的芦苇荡，到珠江口的红树林，中国蕴藏着大量蓝碳宝藏。1月1日，《海洋碳汇核算方法》行业标准正式实施，成为中国首个综合性海洋碳汇核算标准；2月28日，全国首单“蓝碳”拍卖在浙江宁波成交……今年以来，蓝碳交易、蓝碳经济快速发展，引起广泛关注。
From the reeds of the Bohai Bay to the mangroves of the Pearl River Estuary, China has a wealth of blue carbon treasures. On January 1, the industry standard of "Marine Carbon Sequestration Accounting Method" was officially implemented, becoming China's first comprehensive marine carbon sequestration accounting standard.On February 28, the first "blue carbon" auction in China was clinched in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province ... Since this year, blue carbon trading and blue carbon economy have developed rapidly, causing widespread concern.
首次拍卖溢价近2倍
The first auction premium is nearly 2 times
“每吨106元，成交！”拍卖师手起槌落，中国首次以拍卖形式进行的蓝碳交易顺利达成。
"106 yuan per ton, deal!" The auctioneer's hand went up and down, and China's first blue carbon deal in the form of an auction was successfully completed.
2月28日，在浙江省宁波市象山县，经过全国各地20多家企业、机构的70余轮竞价，浙江易锻精密机械有限公司成功拍得宁波象山西沪港一年碳汇量，成交价较起拍价（30元/吨）溢价逾2倍。
On February 28, in Xiangshan County, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, after more than 70 rounds of bidding by more than 20 enterprises and institutions all over the country, Zhejiang Yiduan Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. successfully won the annual carbon sink volume of Ningbo Xiangshan Xihu Port, with a premium of more than 2 times compared with the starting price (30 yuan/ton).
蓝碳又被称为海洋碳汇，是碳排放权交易的重要对象。自然资源部发布的《海洋碳汇核算方法》行业标准显示，海洋碳汇指“红树林、盐沼、海草床、浮游植物、大型藻类、贝类等从空气或海水中吸收并储存大气中的二氧化碳的过程、活动和机制”。
Blue carbon, also known as ocean carbon sink, is an important object of carbon emission trading. According to the industry standard of Accounting Method for Marine Carbon Sequestration issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources, marine carbon sink refers to "the process, activity and mechanism of mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass beds, phytoplankton, macroalgae, shellfish, etc. absorbing and storing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from air or seawater".
那么，蓝碳交易又是什么？自然资源部有关负责人介绍，目前国内蓝碳交易主要集中在IPCC（联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会）所承认的3种蓝碳生态系统，即红树林、海草床和盐沼。
So what is a blue carbon deal? According to the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Natural Resources, the current domestic blue carbon trading is mainly concentrated in the three blue carbon ecosystems recognized by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), namely mangroves, seagrass beds and salt marshes.
记者了解到，达成此次交易的象山县拥有省内最长的海岸线和省内第二大海域面积，蓝碳资源储量丰富。去年7月起，象山启动了蓝碳拍卖交易工作，委托宁波海洋研究院进行碳汇量核算。据估算，象山县盐沼生态系统碳汇量达10.28万吨/年，以坛紫菜、海带为主的大型藻类养殖碳汇量约2.17万吨/年，以牡蛎为主的贝类养殖碳汇量约3.22万吨/年。
The reporter learned that Xiangshan County, which reached the deal, has the longest coastline and the second largest sea area in the province, with abundant blue carbon resources. Since July last year, Xiangshan started the blue carbon auction trading work, entrusted Ningbo Ocean Research Institute to carry out carbon sink accounting. It is estimated that the carbon sink of salt marsh ecosystem in Xiangshan County reaches 102,800 tons/year, the carbon sink of macroalgae culture dominated by Porphyra haitanensis and kelp is about 21,700 tons/year, and the carbon sink of shellfish culture dominated by oyster is about 32,200 tons/year.
此次现场拍卖的蓝碳，来自象山西沪港的“西沪三宝”，包括海带、紫菜以及浒苔，均属于藻类。作为拍卖方之一的象山旭文海藻开发有限公司董事长朱文荣以其养殖的浒苔作解释：1公斤的浒苔苗，可以长成1000公斤的浒苔，其生长过程中会吸收海水和空气中的氮、磷、碳，起到固氮、固碳的作用。而在拍卖中，企业卖的不是浒苔本身，而是2022年浒苔碳汇量246.1吨，即浒苔通过光合作用，固定、储存的海洋生态系统中的二氧化碳。
The blue carbon auctioned on the spot, from Xiangshan Xihu Port "West Shanghai Three Treasures", including kelp, laver and enteromorpha, all belong to algae. Zhu Wenrong, chairman of Xiangshan Xuwen Seaweed Development Co., Ltd., one of the auctioneers, explained with his cultivated enteromorpha:One kilogram of Enteromorpha prolifera seedlings can grow into 1000 kilograms of Enteromorpha prolifera. During its growth, it will absorb nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon in seawater and air, playing the role of nitrogen fixation and carbon fixation. In the auction, the company is not selling the enteromorpha itself, but the carbon sink of enteromorpha in 2022 is 246.1 tons, that is, the carbon dioxide in the marine ecosystem fixed and stored by enteromorpha through photosynthesis.
自然资源部第一海洋研究所海岸带科学与海洋发展战略研究中心主任刘大海表示，宁波象山以拍卖形式对蓝碳交易进行探索，是为渔业碳汇交易的“中国方案”探路，对中国蓝碳交易市场的发展具有重要借鉴和参考意义。
Liu Dahai, director of Coastal Zone Science and Ocean Development Strategy Research Center of the First Institute of Oceanography of the Ministry of Natural Resources, said that Ningbo Xiangshan explored blue carbon trading in the form of auction, which is a way for the "China Plan" of fishery carbon sink trading and has important reference significance for the development of China's blue carbon trading market.
企业蓝碳需求上升
Corporate blue carbon demand rises
作为企业购买碳汇的来源，蓝碳相比绿碳，有哪些优势，又有哪些不足？
As the source of carbon sink purchased by enterprises, what are the advantages and disadvantages of blue carbon compared with green carbon?
蓝碳是捕捉二氧化碳的高手、储存二氧化碳的宝库。据了解，与绿碳等其他类型碳汇相比，蓝碳具有固碳量大、效率高、储存时间长等特点。森林、草原等陆地生态系统碳汇储存周期最长约几十年，而海洋碳汇可长达数百年，在有效减缓温室气体排放、助力实现碳中和目标方面，碳汇效果显著。
Blue carbon is a master of capturing carbon dioxide and a treasure trove of stored carbon dioxide. It is understood that compared with other types of carbon sinks such as green carbon, blue carbon has the characteristics of large carbon fixation, high efficiency and long storage time. The carbon sink storage cycle of forest, grassland and other six ecosystems is about several decades at most, while the ocean carbon sink can last for hundreds of years. The carbon sink effect is remarkable in effectively slowing down greenhouse gas emission and helping to realize the goal of carbon neutralization.
尽管如此，与绿碳相比，对蓝碳进行核算和监测相对困难。据了解，《海洋碳汇核算方法》确定了常规调查方法，对海洋碳汇能力进行核算，主要包括群落样方调查方法、标志桩法、叶绿素a法等，力求基层可操作、区域可对比。业内专家分析，标准的出台将起到积极的规范和引领作用，但是海洋碳汇生物多样性较强，不同海洋生物碳汇机理不同，未来要满足海洋碳汇交易的实际需求，还需进一步完善。
Nevertheless, blue carbon is relatively difficult to account for and monitor compared to green carbon. It is understood that the "Marine Carbon Sequestration Accounting Method" determines the conventional investigation methods to account for the marine carbon sink capacity, mainly including community sample survey method, marker pile method, chlorophyll a method, etc., striving for grass-roots operability and regional comparability. According to the analysis of experts in the industry, the introduction of the standard will play an active role in standardizing and leading, but the marine carbon sink biodiversity is strong, and the carbon sink mechanism of different marine organisms is different. In order to meet the actual demand of marine carbon sink trading in the future, further improvement is needed.
此外，中国海洋大学经济学院教授徐胜表示，与绿碳市场相比，蓝碳市场还面临碳资产季节性变化大、规模不确定、蓝碳市场供给太少等问题。
In addition, Xu Sheng, a professor at the School of Economics of Ocean University of China, said that compared with the green carbon market, the blue carbon market also faces problems such as large seasonal changes in carbon assets, uncertain scale and too little supply in the blue carbon market.
今年以来蓝碳市场升温明显，一个重要背景是CCER市场重启步伐加快，推动企业碳汇需求上升。
Since the beginning of this year, the blue carbon market has warmed up obviously. An important background is that the restart pace of CCER market has been accelerated, which promotes the increase of enterprise carbon sink demand.
CCER指国家核证自愿减排量，即控排企业向实施“碳抵消”活动的企业购买可用于抵消自身碳排的核证量。这种买卖行为构成了企业自愿交易碳排放权的市场，成为全国碳排放权交易市场的有益补充。
CCER refers to the national certified voluntary emission reduction amount, that is, the emission control enterprise purchases the certified amount that can be used to offset its own carbon emission from the enterprise implementing the "carbon offset" activity. This kind of trading behavior constitutes a market for enterprises to voluntarily trade carbon emission rights and becomes a useful supplement to the national carbon emission trading market.
2015年，国家自愿减排交易信息平台上线，正式开启中国国内CCER交易。在运行2年后，由于温室气体自愿减排交易量小、个别项目不够规范等问题，国家发展改革委于2017年暂缓受理温室气体自愿减排交易方法学、项目、减排量、审定与核证机构、交易机构备案申请。2018年，存量CCER交易市场重启，但增量项目尚未启动。近日，北京绿色交易所负责人透露，将建设全国CCER交易中心，争取全国CCER交易机构尽早启动。重启CCER的预期激发了企业的短期碳汇需求。此次宁波蓝碳拍卖每吨106元的成交价，远高于CEA（全国碳市场碳排放配额）挂牌协议价（3月2日CEA挂牌协议交易开盘价和收盘价均为55元/吨），体现了蓝碳市场的热度。
In 2015, the national voluntary emission reduction trading information platform was launched, officially opening China's domestic CCER trading. After 2 years of operation, due to the small volume of voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading and the lack of standardization of individual projects, the National Development and Reform Commission suspended the acceptance of the filing application for greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction trading methodology, projects, emission reduction, approval and certification institutions and trading institutions in 2017. In 2018, the stock CCER trading market restarted, but the incremental project has not yet started. Recently, the person in charge of the Beijing Green Exchange revealed that it will build a national CCER trading center and strive for the national CCER trading institutions to start as soon as possible. The expectation of restarting CCER has stimulated the short-term carbon sink demand of enterprises. The transaction price of 106 yuan per ton of Ningbo blue carbon auction is much higher than CEA (national carbon market carbon emission quota) listing agreement price (the opening price and closing price of CEA listing agreement trading on March 2 are 55 yuan/ton), reflecting the heat of blue carbon market.
在拍卖中购得蓝碳的浙江易锻精密机械有限公司是一家锻压机械制造服务企业。企业负责人表示，在生产过程中，企业除了将废气、废水、固废等按照标准妥善处置外，还大面积安装了太阳能光伏网，借力绿色能源实现节能降耗。此次购买的2340.1吨碳汇量将作为储备，用于将来碳抵销，是企业积极应对气候变化的务实行动。
Zhejiang Yiduan Precision Machinery Co., Ltd., which bought blue carbon in the auction, is a forging machinery manufacturing service enterprise. The person in charge of the enterprise said that in the production process, in addition to properly disposing waste gas, waste water and solid waste according to the standard, the enterprise also installed solar photovoltaic network in a large area to realize energy saving and consumption reduction with the help of green energy. The 2340.1 tons of carbon sinks purchased this time will be used as reserves for future carbon offset, which is a pragmatic action for enterprises to actively respond to climate change.
蓝碳交易前景广阔
Blue carbon trading has broad prospects
在宁波蓝碳拍卖成交前，全国已有多笔海洋碳汇交易：2021年，广东省湛江市红树林国家级自然保护区管理局、自然资源部第三海洋研究所和北京市企业家环保基金会签署“湛江红树林造林项目”首笔5880吨的碳减排量转让协议，打造中国首个蓝碳交易项目；2022年，福建省连江县完成了全国首宗海洋渔业碳汇交易，经济收入累计超过40万元；同年，海南省首个蓝碳生态产品交易项目“海口市三江农场红树林修复项目”完成签约，预计可在未来40年产生9万余吨碳汇。
Before the Ningbo Blue Carbon Auction, there have been many marine carbon sink transactions in China:In 2021, Zhanjiang City Mangrove National Nature Reserve Administration of Guangdong Province, the Third Institute of Oceanography of Ministry of Natural Resources and Beijing City Entrepreneur Environmental Protection Foundation signed the first 5880-ton carbon emission reduction transfer agreement of "Zhanjiang Mangrove Afforestation Project" to create the first blue carbon trading project in China;In 2022, Lianjiang County of Fujian Province completed the first marine fishery carbon sink transaction in China, with an accumulated economic income of more than 400,000 yuan;In the same year, Hainan Province's first blue carbon ecological product trading project "Haikou City Farm Mangrove Restoration Project" was signed, which is expected to generate more than 90,000 tons of carbon sink in the next 40 years.
自然资源部有关负责人表示，蓝碳交易是中国实现“双碳”（即碳达峰、碳中和）目标的一个重要举措。目前蓝碳市场还处在尝试性发展中，刚刚迈出第一步。
The head of the Ministry of Natural Resources said that blue carbon trading is an important measure for China to achieve the goal of "double carbon"(i.e. carbon peak and carbon neutralization). At present, the blue carbon market is still in the trial development, just taking the first step.
如何让蓝碳交易更好赋能蓝碳经济？
How to make blue carbon trading better enable blue carbon economy?
要通过摸底调查、监测评估，形成蓝碳“一张图”。刘大海介绍，中国将搭建海洋多层级碳库架构，建立基于三级碳库体系的海洋碳汇制图技术方法，从不同尺度绘制海洋碳汇时空格局图件；在明晰海洋碳汇价值核算理论的基础上，开展全国海洋碳汇储量和通量监测评估，为不同层级海洋碳汇核算提供数据支撑。
It is necessary to form a "one map" of blue carbon through investigation, monitoring and evaluation. According to Liu Dahai, China will build a multi-level marine carbon pool structure, establish a marine carbon sink mapping technology method based on a three-level carbon pool system, and map the spatio-temporal pattern of marine carbon sinks from different scales;On the basis of clarifying the theory of marine carbon sink value accounting, the national marine carbon sink reserves and flux monitoring and evaluation shall be carried out to provide data support for marine carbon sink accounting at different levels.
徐胜认为，发展海洋碳汇交易市场还应注重交易制度设计、交易产品设计、相关法律法规保障和投融资风险防控。在设计交易产品和交易制度时，适当考虑气候变化的因素，如气温上升对太平洋岛国的影响、气候变化对海岸带碳汇的影响。在市场投融资方面，可尝试鼓励包括国企、民企、私人资金等更多形式的资本进入交易市场。
Xu Sheng believes that the development of marine carbon sink trading market should also pay attention to trading system design, trading product design, relevant laws and regulations guarantee and investment and financing risk prevention and control. When designing trading products and trading systems, due consideration should be given to climate change factors, such as the impact of rising temperatures on Pacific island countries and the impact of climate change on coastal carbon sinks. In the aspect of market investment and financing, we can try to encourage more forms of capital including state-owned enterprises, private enterprises and private funds to enter the trading market.
此次宁波的蓝碳拍卖引起多方关注。未来，中国蓝碳交易区域试点将进一步推广。刘大海介绍，除了象山县所在的浙江省杭州湾南岸（盐沼湿地：海三棱藨草、芦苇），蓝碳交易试点区域还包括河北省唐山市（海草床、海洋牧场）、山东省青岛市西海岸新区（贝壳鱼礁）、辽宁省盘锦市（盐沼湿地：盐地碱蓬、芦苇）等；在蓝碳交易市场建设方面，探索将海洋碳汇纳入全国统一碳交易市场，推动构建海洋碳汇交易机制，探索多元化渠道支持海洋碳汇发展的投融资机制。
The blue carbon auction in Ningbo has attracted much attention. In the future, China's blue carbon trading regional pilot will be further promoted. According to Liu Dahai, in addition to the south bank of Hangzhou Bay in Zhejiang Province where Xiangshan County is located (salt marsh wetland:The blue carbon trading pilot areas also include Tangshan City, Hebei Province (seagrass bed, marine pasture), West Coast New District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province (shell fish reef), Panjin City, Liaoning Province (salt marsh wetland:Suaeda salsa, reed), etc.; in the construction of blue carbon trading market, explore the incorporation of marine carbon sink into the national unified carbon trading market, promote the construction of marine carbon sink trading mechanism, and explore the investment and financing mechanism of diversified channels to support the development of marine carbon sink.
在此基础上，海洋碳汇经济全产业链有望进一步巩固。“今后还要积极谋划滨海湿地和红树林增汇、生态渔业养殖增汇、海洋微生物增汇、贝类藻类固碳、海洋碳中和示范等负碳技术示范性项目，发展以‘减排增汇’为核心的海洋生态旅游、海洋休闲渔业、海洋碳汇技术服务、碳金融等相关产业。”刘大海说。
On this basis, the whole industrial chain of marine carbon sink economy is expected to be further consolidated. "In the future, we shall actively plan negative carbon technology demonstration projects such as coastal wetland and mangrove sink increase, ecological fishery breeding sink increase, marine microorganism sink increase, shellfish algae carbon sequestration, marine carbon neutralization demonstration, etc., and develop marine ecotourism, marine leisure fishery, marine carbon sink technical service, carbon finance and other relevant industries with" emission reduction and sink increase "as the core." Liu Dahai said.
