景象秀美 生机勃发（走进传统村落⑿）

Beautiful scene and vigorous vitality (walking into traditional villages(12))

地处武陵山区腹地的湖南省花垣县双龙镇十八洞村是一个苗族聚居村落，据说因村中有十八个溶洞而得名。巉岩高耸，涧水幽碧，古村的秀美景象见证了当地村民生活的巨大改变。

Located in the hinterland of Wuling Mountains, Shibadong Village, Shuanglong Town, Huayuan County, Hunan Province, is a Miao inhabited village, which is said to be named after 18 karst caves in the village. The beautiful scenery of the ancient village has witnessed the great changes in the lives of local villagers.

2013年11月3日，习近平总书记来到十八洞村考察，“同大家一起商量脱贫致富奔小康之策”。在这里，习近平总书记首次提出“精准扶贫”，明确要求“不栽盆景，不搭风景”“不能搞特殊化，但不能没有变化”，不仅要自身实现脱贫，还要探索“可复制、可推广”的脱贫经验。

On November 3, 2013, General Secretary Xi Jinping came to Shibadong Village to inspect and "discuss with you the strategy of getting rid of poverty and becoming prosperous". Here, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward for the first time "precise poverty alleviation", clearly requiring "no bonsai, no scenery" and "no specialization, but no change", not only to achieve poverty alleviation by itself, but also to explore "replicable and extendable" Poverty alleviation experience.

绵延的武陵山脉横亘湖南西北部，犹如一个弓起的巨大脊背。在组成这个脊背的高山峡谷之间，散落着星星点点的村落，十八洞村正是其中之一。

The long Wuling Mountains stretch across the northwest of Hunan, like a huge arched back. Between the mountains and valleys that make up the backbone, there are scattered villages, among which the Eighteen Cave Village is one.

十八洞村由梨子寨、竹子寨、飞虫寨、当戎寨组成，距离花垣县城34公里，距离吉首38公里。

Shibadong Village is composed of Lizi Village, Zhuzi Village, Feichong Village and Dangrong Village, 34 kilometers away from Huayuan County and 38 kilometers away from Jishou.

近年来，十八洞村原样保护、修旧如旧，人居环境焕然一新，致富产业纷至沓来，古村、古景、古技在保护中传承创新，焕发出新的生机活力。2016年，十八洞村被列入第四批中国传统村落名录。

In recent years, Shibadong Village has been protected and renovated as before, the living environment has taken on a new look, and the industries to become rich have come in succession. The ancient village, ancient scenery, and ancient technology have been inherited and innovated in the protection, and new vitality has emerged. In 2016, Shibadong Village was listed in the fourth batch of Chinese traditional villages.

精准扶贫 成果丰硕

Accurate poverty alleviation has yielded fruitful results.

连日的暖阳驱散了十八洞村常年缭绕的雾气，从高空望去，梨子寨木屋黑瓦，炊烟袅袅。一条蜿蜒的石板路从山下往上延伸，将小村寨里的家家户户连在了一起。

The continuous warm sun has dispelled the perennial fog of Shibadong Village. Looking from the sky, the wooden houses in Lizi Village have black tiles and smoke curling up. A winding flagstone road extends from the bottom of the mountain to the top, connecting the families in the small village.

村民施成富住在石板路拐弯处。前几年，他开起了村里第一家农家乐，家里买上了小轿车。用他的话说，这样的日子“以前想都不敢想”。

Shi Chengfu, a villager, lives at the corner of the flagstone road. A few years ago, he opened the village's first farmhouse and bought a car at home. In his words, such a day "could not have been thought of before".

几年间，石阶还是一样的石阶，石阶两旁人们的生活，却早已变了模样。

In the past few years, the stone steps are still the same. The lives of people on both sides of the stone steps have long changed.

过去，村民石爬专家里唯一的电器就是一盏节能灯；如今，他每年可以固定从村里的猕猴桃基地获得分红，屋里各类家电一应俱全。曾经一度面临辍学风险的十八洞村女孩施林娇，也因为精准扶贫的政策，顺利从浙江音乐学院毕业；毕业后，她主动回到村里和一群年轻人一道创业。

In the past, the only electrical appliance in the villagers' experts was an energy-saving lamp; Now, he can get dividends from the kiwi base in the village every year, and all kinds of household appliances are available in the house. Shi Linjiao, a girl who once faced the risk of dropping out of school, graduated from Zhejiang Conservatory of Music because of the targeted poverty alleviation policy; After graduation, she took the initiative to return to the village and start a business with a group of young people.

十八洞村每一户人家的生活，都被精准扶贫深刻地改变了。近年来，每年都有超过20万游客慕名前来，开启感悟之旅。此外，十八洞村还规划了“‘精准扶贫’首倡地——十八洞村精准脱贫之路”展览。古朴且有苗族装饰特色的展厅占地200多平方米，于2018年10月底建成开放。展厅以“精准扶贫”为主题，以新老照片对比、视频滚动播放及驻村扶贫工作队与村民代表现场讲解等形式，展示十八洞村精准扶贫取得的丰硕成果。

The life of every family in Shibadong Village has been profoundly changed by targeted poverty alleviation. In recent years, more than 200000 tourists have come every year to start the journey of perception. In addition, the Eighteenth Cave Village also planned the exhibition of "The First Place of 'Targeted Poverty Alleviation' - the Eighteenth Cave Village's Targeted Poverty Alleviation Road". The exhibition hall with simple and Miao decoration features covers an area of more than 200 square meters and was completed and opened at the end of October 2018. With the theme of "targeted poverty alleviation", the exhibition hall displays the fruitful results of targeted poverty alleviation in Shibadong Village in the form of comparison of new and old photos, rolling video playback and on-site explanation by the village poverty alleviation team and villagers' representatives.

苗寨风情 活态呈现

Miao Zhai's amorous feelings are present

十八洞村雨水多，云雾多，空气潮湿，村寨内建筑均依山而建，靠山取材。苗乡多为吊脚楼，但村中所在的区域小台地较多，因此建筑多为“一”字形穿斗式木结构。“一”字形青瓦房主要包括三柱四挂、五柱六挂、五柱七挂、五柱八挂、五柱九挂等，多为横开三间，也有多间连开的。房屋多以木或竹作为墙面，盖手工小青瓦，建筑底部垒石以防水，屋前多用青石板砌成用于休息和晾晒谷物的坪场，也有部分为水泥地面。

Shibadong Village has a lot of rain, clouds and mists, and the air is humid. The buildings in the village are built on the mountain, and the materials are drawn from the mountain. Most of the buildings in Miao Township are stilted buildings, but there are many small terraces in the area where the village is located. Therefore, the buildings are mostly of the "one" shaped wooden structure. The "I" shaped green tile houses mainly include three columns and four hanging, five columns and six hanging, five columns and seven hanging, five columns and eight hanging, five columns and nine hanging, etc. Most of them are horizontally open three rooms, and many of them are connected. The houses are mostly made of wood or bamboo as walls, covered with handmade small green tiles, and the bottom of the building is built with stones to prevent water. In front of the houses, green stone slabs are used to build terraces for rest and drying grain, and some of them are cement floors.

石爬专的房子，属于苗寨房屋的典型布局。穿过坪场进入大门，首先映入眼帘的是一个宽敞的堂屋。堂屋的左侧，则是一个火塘。火塘是苗族农家做饭用餐、烤火取暖及休息闲聊的常用之所。除婚丧喜庆宴客用灶之外，常年炊事多在火塘进行。“过去，我们通常在火塘煨红薯、煨玉米。如今生活好了，腊鱼腊肉敞开吃也吃不完。”石爬专说。

The house dedicated to Shi Climbing is a typical layout of the houses in Miao Village. Go through the terrace and enter the gate. The first thing you can see is a spacious hall. On the left side of the hall is a fire pond. Huotang is a common place for Miao farmers to cook, eat, warm by fire, and rest and chat. In addition to cooking stoves for weddings, funerals, festivities and banquets, cooking is mostly conducted in the fire pond all year round. "In the past, we usually simmered sweet potatoes and corn in the fire pond. Now life is good, and we can't eat cured fish and bacon open," Shi said.

十八洞村的苗寨文化也有独到之处。村中有苗族古歌、苗族赶秋、苗医药等国家级非遗项目，还有苗戏、接龙舞等省级非遗项目。过苗年、赶秋、四月八等苗族传统节会在这里依然具有生命力。

The Miao culture of Shibadong Village is also unique. In the village, there are national intangible cultural heritage projects such as Miao ancient songs, Miao Spring Festival and Miao medicine, as well as provincial intangible cultural heritage projects such as Miao opera and Jielong dance. Miao traditional festivals such as celebrating the Miao New Year, catching the autumn and April 8 are still alive here.

花垣县的“苗族赶秋”，被列入中国非物质文化遗产名录。若是在立秋时节来到十八洞村，可以看到规模宏大的赶秋盛况。

Huayuan County's "Miao People Catch Autumn" has been included in the list of China's intangible cultural heritage. If you come to Shibadong Village at the beginning of autumn, you can see the grand event of catching up with autumn.

赶秋是一个集体的盛会，首先需要一个足够大的“秋场”。在十八洞村，秋场就是村中开阔地的一块坪场。赶秋那天，各个村寨的男女老少都会早早来到这里，等待节日的开场。人们穿着节日的盛装，沿着山坡的梯田依次站立，将秋场围绕得层层叠叠。

Catching autumn is a collective event. First of all, we need a large enough "autumn field". In Shibadong Village, the autumn field is a flat field in the open area of the village. On the autumn day, men, women and children from all villages will come here early and wait for the opening of the festival. People dressed in festive costumes, stood along the terraces on the hillside in turn, and surrounded the autumn field layer upon layer.

随着上百面红艳艳的苗鼓敲响，赶秋活动正式开始，穿着盛装的苗族女性随着鼓点载歌载舞。紧接着，由赶秋仪式主持人——“巴代”手持绺巾，身穿红色长袍，开始表演。整个仪式需要经过迎秋、祭秋、赶秋三大环节。除了流程严谨的仪式，赶秋活动上还有八人秋千、苗歌等表演。

With the sound of hundreds of colorful Miao drums, the autumn festival officially began, and Miao women in costumes sang and danced with the drums. Next, the host of the autumn ceremony - "Badai", holding a lock scarf and wearing a red robe, began to perform. The whole ceremony needs to go through three steps: welcoming the autumn, sacrificing the autumn, and catching the autumn. In addition to the ceremony with strict procedures, there are also performances of eight people on the swing and Miao songs at the autumn festival.

如今，十八洞村的各个村寨，已经形成了各自的文化特色。坐落在群山环绕之中的竹子寨，竹篱小道通往各家各户，竹子元素特色随处可见；而当戎寨的民居则主要依山就势而建，青石板街巷、吊脚楼是这里的亮点。

Today, each village in the Eighteen Cave Village has formed its own cultural characteristics. Located in the bamboo village surrounded by mountains, the bamboo fence path leads to all households, and the bamboo element features can be seen everywhere; The houses in Dangrong Village are mainly built according to the situation of the mountain, and the bluestone streets and alleys and stilted buildings are the highlights here.

传统民居 现代治理

Modern Governance of Traditional Dwellings

近年来，十八洞村全村237户民居风貌进行了改造，功能得到完善，基础设施建设已实现现代化，但传统民居和传统格局依然随处可见。

In recent years, 237 households in Shibadong Village have been transformed, their functions have been improved, and the infrastructure construction has been modernized. However, traditional dwellings and traditional patterns are still visible everywhere.

十八洞村4个村寨均为保存完好的苗家传统村落，全村有90%以上建筑为传统苗家民居，百年以上的古建筑约占10%。苗寨的传统风貌，不仅没有因为经济的发展而被破坏，反而因为合理的规划布局，更加凸显。

The four villages in Shibadong Village are all well-preserved traditional Miao villages. More than 90% of the buildings in the village are traditional Miao dwellings, and about 10% are ancient buildings over a century old. The traditional style of Miao Village is not only not destroyed by the economic development, but also highlighted by the reasonable planning and layout.

村党支部书记施金通说，前些年，也有一些村民将自己的老房整修成了“洋房”。2018年，十八洞村从外部引进规划设计团队，对全村自然资源、历史人文、基础设施现状，进行了“地毯式”摸排，并以此为基础，编制实施精准规划，建立湖南省首个驻村规划师制度，形成一套精准规划模式。在改造中，采用当地常用的技术、材料、工艺，依山就势、就地取材，让建筑物与周边山水田园融为一体、面貌一新。

Shi Jintong, secretary of the village party branch, said that some villagers had renovated their old houses into "foreign houses" in the past few years. In 2018, the 18th Cave Village introduced a planning and design team from the outside to conduct a "carpet" layout of the village's natural resources, history and culture, and the current situation of infrastructure. Based on this, it prepared and implemented accurate planning, established the first resident village planner system in Hunan Province, and formed a set of accurate planning models. In the reconstruction, the commonly used local technologies, materials and processes are adopted, and the local materials are taken according to the situation of the mountain, so that the buildings and the surrounding landscape and countryside are integrated and have a new look.

为了巩固脱贫攻坚成果，激发村民的内生动力，推动乡村治理现代化，十八洞村近年来推行了互助“五兴”的基层治理模式。全村组建了41个互助“五兴”组，每个互助组由5户村民组成，由党员担任组长，从“学习互助兴思想、生产互助兴产业、乡风互助兴文明、邻里互助兴和谐、绿色互助兴家园”5个方面建立互帮互助关系。

In order to consolidate the results of poverty alleviation, stimulate the endogenous motivation of the villagers, and promote the modernization of rural governance, Shibadong Village has implemented the grass-roots governance model of mutual assistance "Five Vitality" in recent years. The village has set up 41 mutual aid "Five Prosperity" groups, each of which is composed of five villagers, and is headed by a party member. The group has established a mutual help relationship from five aspects: "learning mutual help to develop ideas, production mutual help to develop industry, rural style mutual help to promote civilization, neighborhood mutual help to promote harmony, and green mutual help to promote home".

村民龙先兰正是受益于这样的帮扶机制。在“五兴”组“扶贫先扶志”的影响下，他成为村里的养蜂能手，不仅自己生活小康，娶了媳妇，有了女儿，还带动了村里更多贫困户脱贫。如果问起龙先兰女儿的名字，他一定会自豪地告诉大家，女儿叫龙思恩。“希望孩子长大后能多学知识，建设好家乡。” 龙先兰说。

Long Xianlan, a villager, has benefited from such assistance mechanism. Under the influence of the "Five Prosperity" group's "poverty alleviation and ambition support", he became a beekeeper in the village. He not only lived well, married his wife and had a daughter, but also led more poor households in the village out of poverty. If asked the name of Long Xianlan's daughter, he would proudly tell everyone that her name is Long Sien. "I hope that when children grow up, they can learn more and build their hometown well," said Long Xianlan.

■游览贴士

■ Tour tips

外地游客可乘坐高铁到达吉首东站，此后转乘旅游大巴或当地车辆，沿包茂高速行驶约50公里，即可抵达十八洞村附近。

Foreign tourists can take the high-speed rail to Jishou East Station, then transfer to a tourist bus or local vehicles, and drive along the Baomao Expressway for about 50 kilometers to reach the vicinity of Shibadong Village.

十八洞村可分为人文和自然两个游览部分。人文景观中除了精准扶贫相关展厅外，还有党性教育基地等。自然景观则主要包括十八溶洞、夯街峡谷、苗家梯田等。景区内因道路落差较大，距离较长，游客需要准备相应的徒步装备。

The Eighteen Cave Village can be divided into two parts: human and natural. In addition to the exhibition halls related to targeted poverty alleviation, there are also party spirit education bases in the cultural landscape. The natural landscape mainly includes the Eighteenth Karst Cave, Tam Street Canyon, and Miao terraces. Due to the large drop and long distance of roads in the scenic area, tourists need to prepare corresponding hiking equipment.

《 人民日报 》（ 2022年05月21日 07 版）

"People's Daily" (07 edition, May 21, 2022)