云南高质高效发展花卉产业
Quality and efficient flower industry in Yunnan
受进出口免税等利好政策支持，以及国家产业集群、省级“一县一业”示范创建等重大项目的强力推动，云南花卉产业走出一条高质高效新路径，已在新优品种引进、育种和推广以及无土设施栽培、市场营销、品牌推广等方面取得成效。
Supported by favorable policies including duty-free import and export and move forward by major projects such as national industrial cluster and one county, one industry provincial demonstration area and so on, Yunnan has developed a quality and efficient flower industry, marked by results in introduction of new and excellent varieties, breeding, promotion, soilless facility cultivation, marketing and brand promotion.
政策环境保驾护航
Favorable policies to guarantee the sound development
在国家层面，2020年3月11日，农业农村部、财政部联合下发《关于开展优势特色产业集群建设的通知》，首批支持建设50个产业集群项目发展，云南承担了蔬菜和花卉两个产业集群的建设。
In state level, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the Notice on Building Advantaged Industrial Cluster with Local Characteristics on March 11, 2020, aiming to help build 50 industrial cluster projects in the first batch. Among these projects, Yunnan was responsible for vegetable and flower industrial clusters.
2020—2021年，云南花卉产业集群建设共实施22个项目，集群县区涉及6个，即昆明市晋宁区和呈贡区、玉溪市红塔区、红河哈尼族彝族自治州开远市、楚雄彝族自治州禄丰县、曲靖市马龙区。2021年花卉产业集群县区种植面积达24.8万亩，鲜切花产量85.6亿枝，占全省鲜切花总产量的52.8%。两年来，各项工作取得了较好的阶段性成效，各集群县区花卉产业。例如，作为花卉产业新区的禄丰县2021年花卉种植面积达3.5万亩，产量11.1亿枝，产值突破12亿元。
From 2020 to 2021,22 projects were implemented for the construction of Yunnan flower industry cluster, involving 6 cluster counties and districts, namely, Jinning District and Chenggong District of Kunming, Hongta District of Yuxi, Kaiyuan of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Lufeng County of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Malong District of Qujing. In 2021, the planting area of flower industry cluster in counties and districts reached 248,000 mu, and the output of fresh cut flowers reached 8.56 billion branches, accounting for 52.8% of the total output of fresh cut flowers in the province. Over the past two years, each cluster county flower industry has seen good phased results. For example, in 2021 Lufeng County, as a new flower industry district, has a flower planting area of 35,000 mu, an output of 1.11 billion branches and an output value exceeding 1.2 billion yuan.
在省级层面，2018年以来，云南先后出台了《关于创建“一县一业”示范县加快打造世界一流“绿色食品牌”的指导意见》等20余项政策措施，重点培育创建了20个“一县一业”示范县，每个示范创建县每年给予3000万元的财政扶持。红河州开远市、玉溪市红塔区、昆明市呈贡区进入“一县一业”示范创建县名单，共有15家花企获得“十大名花”称号，受到省委、省政府表彰奖励。与此同时，各州市及其县市区均出台了相应的政策措施，为花卉产业提质增效和高质量发展创造了良好的政策条件。
At the provincial level, since 2018, Yunnan has successively issued more than 20 policies and measures such as the Guiding Opinions on Establishing "One County, One Industry" Demonstration County and Accelerating the Establishment of World-class "Green Food Brand," focusing on cultivating and establishing 20 "One County, One Industry" demonstration counties, each of which will be given 30 million yuan of financial support every year. Kaiyuan of Honghe Prefecture, Hongta District of Yuxi City and Chenggong District of Kunming City were included in the list of "One County, One Industry" demonstration counties. A total of 15 flower enterprises were awarded the title of "Top Ten Famous Flowers" and were commended and rewarded by the provincial party committee and provincial government. At the same time, all prefectures, cities and counties have issued corresponding policies and measures, creating good policy conditions for improving quality and efficiency and high-quality development of flower industry.
产业发展驶入“快轨”
Industrial development moving into fast lane
2021年至今，云南花卉产业实现了从小步慢跑到快速崛起的转变，实现了从传统生产到高质量发展的转变。
Ever since 2021, Yunnan flower industry has transformed from slow growth to rapid rise, and from traditional production to high-quality development.
云南花卉产业已初步形成了多品类多模式齐头并进、上下联动、齐抓共管的发展格局，产区形成了以昆明、玉溪、楚雄和红河为核心的集群舰队。以玫瑰、洋桔梗、绣球、非洲菊等为主的鲜切花，以大花蕙兰、杂交兰、盆栽玫瑰、多肉植物等为主的盆花，以高山杜鹃、云南山茶等为主的特色花木，以食用玫瑰为主的加工花卉，以菊花、康乃馨、玫瑰、百合等为主的种用花卉，成为云南花卉产业的优势板块，发展业态成熟。
Yunnan flower industry has initially formed a development pattern of multi-category and multi-mode going hand in hand, linking up and down, and jointly managing, and the production area has formed a cluster fleet with Kunming, Yuxi, Chuxiong and Honghe as the core. Fresh cut flowers dominated by rose, eustoma grandiflorum, hydrangea and African chrysanthemum, potted flowers dominated by cymbidium, hybrid orchid, potted rose and succulent plants, characteristic flowers and trees dominated by alpine azalea and Yunnan camellia, processed flowers dominated by edible rose, and seed flowers dominated by chrysanthemum, carnation, rose and lily have become the advantageous sectors of Yunnan flower industry, and the development format is mature.
近年来，云南花卉产业加速发展。2021年，云南花卉全产业链总产值1034.27亿元，同比增长24.6%，花卉种植面积192.4万亩，产业规模基本保持稳定。鲜切花产量162.25亿枝，同比增长10.7%，高档盆花大花蕙兰产量稳定在590万盆，产量世界第一，市场覆盖全国各地，并出口至日本、韩国、澳大利亚、东南亚等40个国家和地区。
In recent years, Yunnan flower industry developed faster than before. In 2021, aggregate output of Yunnan flower industrial chain reached 103.427 billion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 24.6%.Flower industry scale remained basically stable at 1.924 million mu of flower planting area .The output of fresh cut flowers was 16.225 billion branches, with a year-on year growth of 10.7%. The output of high-grade potted cymbidium was stable at 5.9 million pots, ranking first in the world. The market covers not only the whole country but also 40 countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Australia and Southeast Asia.
新优品种推广优势更强
Stronger promotion advantage of new and excellent varieties
依托扎实的产业基础、完备的要素配置、灵活的体制机制，云南花卉品种自主创新及引进创新与推广能力不断增强。2021年，云南自主培育新品种近500个，引进新品种800余个，新优品种推广种植面积逾5万亩，收集保存各类花卉种质资源1万余份。其中，玫瑰、菊花、绣球新品种受到市场青睐，部分已在欧盟注册并推广，实现花卉新品种从输入到输出的历史性突破，提质增效借鉴和示范作用正在显现，品牌价值正在体现，新优品种红利正在扩散。
Relying on solid industrial foundation, complete element allocation and flexible system and mechanism, independent innovation, introduction innovation and promotion of flower varieties in Yunnan has been continuously enhanced. In 2021, Yunnan independently cultivated nearly 500 new varieties, introduced more than 800 new varieties, promoted and planted more than 50,000 mu of new and excellent varieties, and collected and preserved more than 10,000 flower germplasm resources. Among them, the new varieties of rose, chrysanthemum and hydrangea are favored by the market, and some of them have been registered and promoted in the European Union, realizing the historic breakthrough of new flower varieties from input to output. The reference and demonstration role of improving quality and increasing efficiency is emerging, the brand value is being reflected, and the dividend of new and excellent varieties is spreading.
云南各生产经营主体、科研院校甚至农户都十分重视新优品种引进，广大花农和种植户也十分乐意试种、试销。近20年内，云南先后有80余家花卉企业享受进口免税政策，共进口种球约30亿粒、种苗20亿株、种子3000公斤，每年进口种球约1.6亿粒，占全国种球进口的45%。2016年以来，云南已引进了近百类品种，这些都是国内外消费者喜欢、种植者爱种的新优品种。
All production and management entities, scientific research colleges and even farmers in Yunnan attach great importance to the introduction of new and excellent varieties, and the vast number of flower farmers and growers are also very willing to try planting and marketing. In the past 20 years, more than 80 flower enterprises in Yunnan have enjoyed the import duty-free policy, importing about 3 billion seed balls, 2 billion germchits and 3000 kilograms of seeds. About 160 million seed balls are imported every year, accounting for 45% of the national import of seed balls. Since 2016, Yunnan has introduced nearly 100 varieties, all of which are new and excellent varieties that consumers at home and abroad like and growers love to grow.
随着产业发展，花卉种苗也成为云南花卉具有较强竞争力的优势产品。昆明虹之华公司每年生产2亿株菊花种苗，一半供应日本市场，英茂花卉公司的康乃馨种苗占据日本15%的市场份额。
With the development of the industry, germchits of flowers have also become the dominant products with strong competitiveness among Yunnan flowers. Kunming Hongzhihua Company produces 200 million chrysanthemum germchits every year, half of which are supplied to the Japan market. Carnation germchits produced by Yingmao Flower Company's account for 15% of the Japanese market.
科技创新“推广模式”
Scientific and technological innovation in promotion model
荷兰橙色多盟、法国梅昂、以色列丹齐格、美国保尔等众多国际花卉育种企业，积极在云南推广新品种。2016年在昆明国际花卉拍卖交易中心交易的新品种仅有53个，2021年已增加至230个。国外企业源源不断引来新优品种，并把国外推广模式中国化，而国内一些科研机构也开始形成自己独特的推广模式，包括新技术、新设备的推广应用。例如，自主研发品种“零专利模式”，即试种期间免费，推广种植获益后再商榷专利费事宜。英茂花卉公司是康乃馨种苗专业生产商，每年都邀请花农到新品种试种基地观摩交流，近500个品种供花农品鉴，可现场订购种苗。
Many international flower breeding enterprises, such as Orange Duomeng from Netherlands , Meiang of France, Danzig of Israel , Paul of the U.S, actively promote new varieties in Yunnan. There were only 53 new varieties traded in Kunming International Flower Auction and Trading Center in 2016, increasing to 230 in 2021. Foreign enterprises continuously introduce new and excellent varieties and localize the foreign promotion mode in China, while some domestic scientific research institutions have begun to form their own unique promotion modes, including the popularization and application of new technologies and new equipment. For example, the "zero patent model" of self-developed varieties, i.e. free of charge during trial planting and the charges will be discussed after the promotion of planting benefits. Yingmao Flower Company is a professional manufacturer of carnation germchits. Every year, flower growers are invited to observe and communicate in the trial planting base of new varieties, where nearly 500 varieties will be showcased and germchits can be ordered on site.
一些小众企业则结合自身实际，通过多年实践、总结，研发了一些提质增效明显、操作简便、省时省力的新技术、新设备。例如，专业化生产大花蕙兰和杂交兰的嵩明博卉公司与科研单位合作，总结出短周期生产技术、抽芯增芽技术、矮化增花技术、红蜘蛛复合防治技术等，并选择一些小农场、新投资农场小范围试行，然后整体改进，3年时间A级花率从不到50%提高到80%以上，单价至少提高30%。
Some small and medium enterprises have developed some new time-saving and labor-saving technologies and new equipment with remarkable improvement in quality and efficiency, simple operation through years of practice and summary. For example, Songming Bohui Company, which specializes in producing Cymbidium hybridum and hybrid orchid, cooperated with scientific research units to summarize short-cycle production technology, core-pulling and bud-increasing technology, dwarfing and flower-increasing technology, red spider compound control technology, etc., and selected some small farms and newly invested farms for trial implementation, and then improved the whole. Within 3 years, the rate of Class A flowers increased from less than 50% to more than 80%, and the unit price increased by at least 30%.
经过多年发展，云南花卉产业不仅全国领先，还逐渐具备强大的国际影响力，“一朵云花”正在争艳全球。（陆继亮）
After years of development, Yunnan's flower industry not only leads the country, but also gradually has strong international influence, and Yunnan Flower is shining in the world. (Liu Jiliang)
