深度观察:保护力度不断加大 生态环境持续向好

In-depth observation:Protection efforts continue to increase the ecological environment continues to improve

保护力度不断加大 生态环境持续向好(深度观察)

Protection efforts continue to increase, and the ecological environment continues to improve (in-depth observation)

编者按：生物多样性使地球充满生机，也是人类生存和发展的基础。新时代十年，以习近平生态文明思想为根本遵循和行动指南，我国以前所未有的力度抓生态文明建设，将生物多样性保护上升为国家战略，努力建设人与自然和谐共生的美丽家园。

Editor's note: Biodiversity makes the earth full of life, and is also the basis for human survival and development. In the decade of the new era, with Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization as the fundamental guideline and action guide, China has grasped the construction of ecological civilization with unprecedented intensity, elevated biodiversity conservation to a national strategy, and strived to build a beautiful home where people and nature live in harmony.

继《生物多样性公约》第十五次缔约方大会(COP15)第一阶段会议在云南昆明成功举办后，第二阶段会议于12月7日在《生物多样性公约》秘书处所在地加拿大蒙特利尔开幕，中国继续作为主席国，领导大会实质性和政治性事务，“生态文明：共建地球生命共同体”的主题和会标等大会主要元素保持不变。世界关注建设生态文明的中国智慧、中国方案、中国力量。

Following the successful holding of the first phase of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) in Kunming, Yunnan Province, the second phase opened on December 7 in Montreal, Canada, the seat of the CBD secretariat, with China continuing to lead the substantive and political affairs of the Conference as the presidency. The theme "Ecological Civilization: Building a Community of Life on Earth" and the main elements of the Conference, such as the conference logo, remain unchanged. The world is concerned about the Chinese wisdom, Chinese solutions and Chinese power in building ecological civilization.

本版聚焦的中华秋沙鸭，有“生态试纸”之称，是重要的环境指示物种。如今，在中华大地上，中华秋沙鸭等珍稀野生动植物得到有效保护，越来越多的地方观测到它们的身影，这是我国生态环境保护发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化的生动例证。

The Chinese sand duck, which is the focus of this edition, is known as "ecological test paper" and is an important environmental indicator species. Nowadays, rare wildlife such as the Chinese sand duck is effectively protected on the Chinese land, and they are observed in more and more places, which is a vivid example of the historical, transitional and global changes in ecological protection in China.

前不久，《湿地公约》第十四届缔约方大会全球迁飞区水鸟栖息地保护论坛发布中国水鸟保护十佳案例，“鸟中大熊猫”中华秋沙鸭的保护故事备受瞩目。

Not long ago, the 14th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (COP 14) Global Forum on Habitat Conservation for Waterbirds in Migratory Areas released the top ten cases of waterbird conservation in China, and the conservation story of the "Giant Panda of Birds", the Chinese Shelduck, attracted much attention.

中华秋沙鸭是第三纪孑遗物种，已生存1000多万年，数量极其稀少，属世界濒危物种，是国家一级重点保护野生动物。中华秋沙鸭种群数量有多少，保护成效怎么样，如何进一步保护好？记者深入吉林省长白山地区、江西省鹰潭市、湖南省益阳市等地探访。

The Chinese sand duck is a Tertiary relict species that has survived for more than 10 million years and is extremely rare. What is the population size of the Chinese sand duck, how effective is the protection, and how to further protect it? The reporter visited Changbai Mountain area in Jilin Province, Yingtan City in Jiangxi Province, Yiyang City in Hunan Province and other places.

人工鸭巢助力，中华秋沙鸭数量稳中有升

Artificial Duck Nest Helps, Chinese Merganser Number Steady Rising

吉林省长白山，河流逐步封冻。

In Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, the river is gradually frozen.

一大早，长白山科学研究院研究员朴龙国顶着雪花出门，探察中华秋沙鸭的迁徙情况。在路上，他惊喜地发现一只还未启程南迁的雄性中华秋沙鸭，“等温度再低一些，这只雄鸭也要迁徙喽。”

Early in the morning, Park Yongguk, a researcher at the Changbaishan Institute of Science, went out in the snow to check the migration of the Chinese sand ducks. On the way, he was surprised to find a male Chinese sand duck that had not yet left for the south, "When the temperature gets a little lower, this male will also migrate."

巢于树，栖于水，繁衍生息，南迁北归……中华秋沙鸭繁殖地主要分布于俄罗斯东南部、朝鲜半岛北部，以及我国吉林省长白山地区和黑龙江省伊春地区，每年3月末、4月初，中华秋沙鸭飞回北方，在这里度过长达半年多的繁殖期，再于11月初南迁。中华秋沙鸭越冬地主要在我国的南方河流、湖泊、水库，其中在江西、湖南等地有较大种群数量分布。

They nest in trees, roost in water, breed, and migrate south to north ...... The breeding grounds of the Chinese sand duck are mainly located in southeastern Russia, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, and the Changbai Mountain region of Jilin Province and the Yichun region of Heilongjiang Province in China. In early November, the ducks migrate south. The wintering grounds of the Chinese sand duck are mainly in the southern rivers, lakes and reservoirs of China, with large populations in Jiangxi and Hunan.

“中华秋沙鸭脑后有一簇冠羽，像凤头一样，最为醒目的特征是两胁羽毛上有祥云一般的鱼鳞斑纹，也称作鳞胁秋沙鸭。”中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所副研究员刘冬平说，我国是中华秋沙鸭的重要繁殖地和主要越冬地，其模式标本采集于我国，因此名字被冠以“中华”二字。

"The most striking feature is that there are fish scale patterns on the feathers of both sides of the head, which is also known as the scaly duck." Liu Dongping, an associate researcher at the Institute of Forest Ecology and Nature Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, said that China is an important breeding ground and the main wintering place of the Chinese sand duck, and its type specimens were collected in China, so the name was given the word "Chinese".

“中华秋沙鸭将巢穴建在树上，树巢距离地面15米左右。”朴龙国说，鸭妈妈4月初进入孵化期，经过28天左右的精心孵化，鸭宝宝出壳。

"The Chinese autumn sand ducks build their nests in trees, which are about 15 meters above the ground." Park Longguk said the mother duck entered the incubation period in early April, and after about 28 days of careful incubation, the baby ducks emerged from their shells.

朴龙国与中华秋沙鸭结缘已有几十年。“中华秋沙鸭不会筑巢，只能选择天然树洞做巢穴。观察发现，适合雌鸭孵化的天然鸭巢少得可怜。”朴龙国和几位科研工作者萌生了为中华秋沙鸭建造人工鸭巢的想法。

Park Longguo has been associated with the Chinese Merganser for decades. "The Chinese Merganser can't build a nest and can only choose natural tree holes as nests. The observation shows that there are very few natural duck nests suitable for female ducks to hatch." Park Longguo and several scientific researchers came up with the idea of building an artificial duck nest for the Chinese Merganser.

如今，通过多方努力，这个想法逐步变为现实。在中华秋沙鸭繁殖的河流两岸，有些地方天然鸭巢很少，当地有关部门就在树上悬挂人工鸭巢。这些年来，人工鸭巢助力中华秋沙鸭安家落户，在长白山孵化成长的中华秋沙鸭数量不断增长。“亲眼见证一个个脆弱又顽强的小生命在人工鸭巢里诞生，别提多激动了。”朴龙国说。

Now, through the efforts of many people, this idea is gradually becoming a reality. On both sides of the river where the ducks breed, there are few natural duck nests in some places, so the local authorities hang artificial duck nests in the trees. Over the years, artificial duck nests have helped the ducks settle down and the number of ducks hatching and growing in Changbai Mountain has grown. "It's exciting to witness the birth of a fragile and resilient little creature in an artificial nest." Park Yongguk said.

中华秋沙鸭南飞后，年过七十的朴龙国和同事们会爬冰卧雪，攀树维护中华秋沙鸭的巢穴。“冬天特别冷，树上有冰溜子，维护人工巢不容易、有危险，但必须坚持做。”

After the Chinese Merganser flies south, Park Longguo, who is over 70, and his colleagues will climb the ice and lie in the snow, and climb trees to maintain the nest of the Chinese Merganser. "It's very cold in winter, and there are ice skaters on the trees. It's not easy and dangerous to maintain artificial nests, but you must stick to it."

近年来，长白山保护开发区严格落实河湖长制、林长制，实施山水林田湖草生态保护修复项目，开展森林保护与抚育，保护区森林覆盖率突破95%，中华秋沙鸭种群数量稳中有升。吉林省林业和草原局统计显示，今年全省监测发现中华秋沙鸭626只。

In recent years, the Changbaishan Protection and Development Zone has strictly implemented the river and lake system, the forestry system, the implementation of the ecological protection and restoration projects of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes and grasses, forest protection and nurturing, the forest coverage rate of the protected area exceeded 95%, and the population of the Chinese autumn sand duck has steadily increased. Jilin Forestry and Grassland Bureau statistics show that this year, the province's monitoring found 626 Chinese autumn sand ducks.

按照《吉林省中华秋沙鸭保护总体规划(2021—2030年)》，吉林省正全面加强中华秋沙鸭主要分布区、繁殖地、迁飞停歇地、迁飞通道和集群活动区的保护，合理增加巢址资源，未来还将进一步加强野外种群及栖息地保护，促进种群数量增长。

According to the "General Plan for the Protection of Chinese Merganser in Jilin Province (2021-2030)", Jilin Province is comprehensively strengthening the protection of the main distribution areas, breeding sites, relocation stops, relocation channels and cluster activity areas of Chinese Merganser, and rationally increase nest site resources. In the future, the protection of wild populations and habitats will be further strengthened to promote population growth.

目前中华秋沙鸭种群数量有多少？刘冬平表示，我国学者近年来开展的野外调查显示，长白山地区分布的中华秋沙鸭繁殖种群数量在190对左右。通过模型模拟，估计全国中华秋沙鸭越冬种群数量为3600只左右。

What is the current population of Chinese merganser? Liu Dongping said that field surveys conducted by Chinese scholars in recent years show that the number of breeding populations of Chinese merganser in the Changbai Mountains is around 190 pairs. Through model simulation, it is estimated that the overwintering population of Chinese merganser is about 3600.

生态保护力度持续加大，适宜候鸟栖居的绿水青山越来越美

Ecological protection continues to increase, and green waters and mountains suitable for migratory birds are becoming more and more beautiful.

江西省鹰潭市龙虎山景区，下了一夜的雨，山道湿滑。

In the Longhu Mountain Scenic Area of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, it rained overnight and the mountain road was slippery.

上午9点，上清镇生态护林员肖冬样就沿泸溪河两边的山路悄悄行进，跟踪拍摄中华秋沙鸭。他穿一身迷彩服，脚蹬雨鞋，肩扛相机、三脚架。从担任护林员开始，这条巡山之路肖冬样已走了十几年。

At 9: 00 a.m., Xiao Dongyan, an ecological forest ranger in Shangqing Town, quietly walked along the mountain roads on both sides of Luxi River to follow and photograph the Chinese Merganser. He wore a camouflage suit, rain boots, a camera and a tripod on his shoulder. Since serving as a forest ranger, Xiao Dongshan has been on this road of mountain patrol for more than ten years.

“这几天阴雨，山里很少有人活动，中华秋沙鸭不会受惊吓，是观察的好时机。”肖冬样说，清晨他已经巡过一趟，那时河面朦胧，只拍到了3只鸭子，现在光线更好，这一趟会有更多收获。

"It's rainy these days, and there are few people moving in the mountains. The Chinese Merganser will not be frightened. It's a good time to observe." Xiao Dongyang said that he had already made a tour in the morning. At that time, the river was hazy and only three ducks were photographed. Now the light is better, and this trip will have more harvest.

2007年，中华秋沙鸭首次现身泸溪河。当年，景区划定了1800公顷的中华秋沙鸭自然保护区，肖冬样成为巡护员。为了记录中华秋沙鸭的生活习性，肖冬样自掏腰包添置了相机，时常跟踪拍摄，并坚持写观测记录。

In 2007, the Chinese Merganser appeared in Luxi River for the first time. In that year, the scenic spot designated a 1800-hectare Chinese Merganser Nature Reserve, and Xiao Dongshan became a patrol. In order to record the living habits of the Chinese Merganser, Xiao Dongshan bought a camera out of his own pocket, often tracked and filmed, and insisted on writing observation records.

为了让中华秋沙鸭有更好的越冬环境，当地持续加大生态环境保护力度，泸溪河龙虎山景区段常年禁止捕鱼。10多年来，每年到这里越冬的中华秋沙鸭数量都稳定在80只左右。“中华秋沙鸭对栖息地生态环境要求很高，正是因为这里山清水秀，才吸引了它们每年都来做客。”肖冬样说。

In order to make the Chinese Merganser have a better overwintering environment, the local area continues to increase ecological environmental protection, and fishing is prohibited in the Longhu Mountain scenic area of the Luxi River all the year round. For more than 10 years, the number of Chinese merganser who come here to overwinter every year has stabilized at about 80. "The Chinese Merganser has high requirements for the ecological environment of the habitat. It is precisely because of the beautiful scenery here that it attracts them to visit every year." Xiao Dong said.

肖冬样沿着河滩巡护，转过一道弯，一群中华秋沙鸭在远处出现。肖冬样赶紧拿起相机拍摄，一边拍一边数，“1、2、3……13，总共13只！”今年10月20日，他发现了第一只来越冬的中华秋沙鸭，此后每天都能拍到多只小中华秋沙鸭，“有很多小鸭子！泸溪河水浅，正适合小鸭子捕食。”

Xiao Dongdang patrolled along the river beach, turning a bend, and a group of Chinese mergansers appeared in the distance. Xiao Dongsample quickly picked up the camera to shoot, while shooting while counting, "1, 2, 3... 13, a total of 13!" On October 20 this year, he found the first Chinese Merganser to overwinter. Since then, he has been able to photograph many small Chinese Merganser every day, "There are many little ducks! The Luxi River is shallow, which is suitable for the young ducks to prey."

拍完照，来到河滩上，肖冬样低头寻找中华秋沙鸭的羽毛和粪便，“捡到羽毛和粪便，我就寄给科研机构，便于科研机构更好地研究中华秋沙鸭的习性。”

After taking the photo, he came to the river beach. Xiao Dong looked down for the feathers and feces of the Chinese Merganser. "When I pick up the feathers and feces, I will send them to scientific research institutions so that scientific research institutions can better study the habits of the Chinese Merganser."

多年来，肖冬样往返奔波，拍下大量视频和图片，成为第一手的珍贵资料。“努力为它们守护好家园，就是为我们自己守护好家园。”肖冬样笑得灿烂。

Over the years, Xiao Dong has been traveling back and forth, taking a large number of videos and pictures, which has become the first-hand precious information. "To protect their homes is to protect our homes for ourselves." Xiao Dong smiled brightly.

近年来，随着生态文明建设持续推进，生态环境显著改善，中华秋沙鸭在越来越多的地方现身。

In recent years, as the construction of ecological civilization continues to advance and the ecological environment has improved significantly, the Chinese Merganser has appeared in more and more places.

11月初，山东省龙口市摄影爱好者王腾，在黄水河拍到中华秋沙鸭、丹顶鹤等珍稀鸟类，“我和朋友在水边足足守候了一上午，太激动了。”当地实施流域综合治理工程，建成黄水河生态湿地、泳汶河生态湿地，全市水生态环境有效改善。中华秋沙鸭等栖居在黄水河的鸟类已达100多种。

In early November, Wang Teng, a photography enthusiast in Longkou City, Shandong Province, photographed rare birds such as Chinese merganser and red-crowned crane in Huangshui River. "My friends and I have been waiting by the water all morning. We are so excited." The local implementation of comprehensive river basin management projects, the construction of Huangshui River ecological wetland, Yongwen River ecological wetland, the city's water ecological environment effectively improved. There are more than 100 species of birds living in the Yellow River, such as the Chinese Merganser.

浙江省安吉县2015年首次发现中华秋沙鸭越冬种群以来，已连续第八年观测到这一珍稀鸟类，而且越冬种群数量逐年递增。当地持续加大中华秋沙鸭种群监测及栖息地保护力度，加强生态环境保护，适宜珍稀候鸟越冬栖息的绿水青山越来越美。

For the eighth consecutive year since the wintering population of the Chinese sand duck was first discovered in Anji County, Zhejiang Province in 2015, this rare bird has been observed, and the number of wintering populations has been increasing year by year. The local authorities have continued to increase the monitoring of the Chinese sand duck population and habitat protection, strengthen ecological protection, and make the green water and green hills suitable for wintering rare migratory birds more and more beautiful.

中华秋沙鸭是淡水生态系统中的旗舰物种，也是重要的环境指示物种。“它们对于生态环境十分挑剔，只生活在极为清澈干净的水中。”刘冬平说，新时代这十年，天更蓝、山更绿、水更清。越来越多的地方观测到中华秋沙鸭，正是我国生态环境保护发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化的又一个生动例证。

The Chinese autumn sand duck is a flagship species in freshwater ecosystems and an important environmental indicator species. "They are very picky about their ecological environment and only live in extremely clear and clean water." Liu Dongping said that this decade of the new era has seen bluer skies, greener mountains and clearer water. More and more places have observed the Chinese autumn sand duck, which is another vivid example of the historic, turning and global changes in China's ecological protection.

群众的环保意识普遍增强，积极参与生态文明建设

The public's awareness of environmental protection has generally increased and they have actively participated in the construction of ecological civilization.

雨后清晨，生机盎然。湖南省益阳市南洞庭湖自然保护区南县舵杆洲区域，护鸟志愿者、沅江市环保志愿者协会会长李剑志拨开丛丛芦苇，朝着洲滩深处行进，“中华秋沙鸭刚刚来过这里。我要收集更多基础资料，努力让它们的栖息环境变得更好。”

Early in the morning after the rain, the life is full. Li Jianzhi, a bird protection volunteer and president of the Yuanjiang Environmental Protection Volunteer Association, poked the bushes of reeds and marched towards the depths of the beach, "The Chinese Merganser has just been here. I want to collect more basic information and try to make their habitat better."

这些年，一旦捕捉到中华秋沙鸭的踪迹，李剑志就会组织志愿者，在它们出现过的水域清理垃圾、改善环境。他还走访周边乡村，宣传爱鸟护鸟知识，减少人为活动对鸟类栖息地的破坏，“大家的保护意识普遍增强了，侵扰鸟类栖息地的现象越来越少。”

In recent years, once the traces of the Chinese merganser are captured, Li Jianzhi will organize volunteers to clean up garbage and improve the environment in the waters where they have appeared. He also visited the surrounding villages to promote the knowledge of bird love and bird protection, and reduce the damage of human activities to bird habitats. "Everyone's awareness of protection has generally increased, and the phenomenon of infestation of bird habitats is becoming less and less."

渔民退捕上岸、矮围网围拆除、欧美黑杨清退……随着一系列措施落地生效，洞庭湖生态环境明显改善。这些变化，李剑志看得真切，“镜头里的鸟儿种类多了、数量多了，反映出生态环境持续向好。”

Fishermen returned to the shore, the low fence was removed, and the European and American black poplar was removed... With a series of measures coming into effect, the ecological environment of Dongting Lake has improved significantly. These changes, Li Jianzhi can see clearly, "there are more kinds and more birds in the camera, reflecting the continuous improvement of the ecological environment."

这次前来，虽然没能遇上中华秋沙鸭，但李剑志拍摄到了三四十种鸟类，其中包括白额雁、游隼等珍稀鸟类。“洞庭湖栖息着360多种鸟类，我已经拍到310多种。我想用一张张照片，记录生态环境的变化，增强人们关爱鸟类、保护生态的意识，带动更多人识鸟爱鸟护鸟。”他说。

Although he failed to meet the Chinese Merganser this time, Li Jianzhi photographed 30 or 40 species of birds, including rare birds such as white-fronted geese and peregrine falcons. "Dongting Lake is home to more than 360 kinds of birds, and I 've taken more than 310. I want to use photos to record changes in the ecological environment, enhance people's awareness of caring for birds and protecting the ecology, and drive more people to know and love birds and protect them." He said.

李剑志牵头成立环保志愿者协会，汇聚各行各业热爱环保的人士，开展生态环境志愿服务。前不久，第三届中国生态文明奖揭晓，李剑志获评为先进个人。他说：“今后，我们会持续开展鸟类调研监测，为鸟类保护提供科学依据。”

Li Jianzhi took the lead in establishing an environmental protection volunteer association to gather people from all walks of life who love environmental protection to carry out ecological and environmental volunteer services. Not long ago, the third China Ecological Civilization Award was announced, and Li Jianzhi was named an advanced individual. He said: "In the future, we will continue to carry out bird research and monitoring to provide scientific basis for bird protection."

生态环境保护，离不开公众参与。湖南省林业部门充分发挥公益组织的桥梁纽带作用，组织志愿者开展野生动物保护宣传活动，形成全社会共抓保护的良好氛围。“人民群众生态保护的意识更强了，越来越多的人加入到爱鸟护鸟行列中。”南洞庭湖自然保护区南县管理局舵杆洲管理站副站长高宏说。

The protection of ecological environment cannot be separated from public participation. The forestry department of Hunan Province gives full play to the role of public welfare organizations as a bridge and organizes volunteers to carry out wildlife protection publicity activities, forming a good atmosphere for the whole society to grasp protection. "The people's awareness of ecological protection has become stronger, and more and more people have joined the ranks of loving birds and protecting birds." Gao Hong, deputy head of the Helmpole Island Management Station of the Nanxian Administration Bureau of the South Dongting Lake Nature Reserve, said.

最新监测数据显示，洞庭湖越冬水鸟数量超过40万只，刷新历史纪录。

The latest monitoring data show that the number of overwintering waterbirds in Dongting Lake exceeds 400,000, setting a new historical record.

加强监测和保护，改善栖息地环境……各地大力保护中华秋沙鸭种群及其栖息地。国家林业和草原局野生动植物保护司有关负责人表示，目前，我国已将中华秋沙鸭的部分繁殖地和越冬地纳入自然保护地体系，如黑龙江碧水中华秋沙鸭国家级自然保护区、湖南五强溪国家湿地公园等。

Strengthen monitoring and protection, improve the habitat environment... all localities vigorously protect the Chinese merganser population and its habitat. The relevant person in charge of the Wildlife Protection Department of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration stated that at present, my country has included part of the breeding and wintering land of the Chinese Merganser into the nature reserve system, such as Heilongjiang Bishui Chinese Merganser National Nature Reserve, Hunan Wuqiangxi National Wetland Park, etc.

刘冬平建议，进一步加强监测研究，科学评估中华秋沙鸭种群及分布状况，覆盖繁殖地、停歇地和越冬地的整个迁飞区，要通力合作、协同行动，持续有效保护。

Liu Dongping suggested that we should further strengthen monitoring and research, scientifically assess the population and distribution of Chinese merganser, and cover the entire migration area of breeding grounds, resting grounds and wintering grounds. We should work together and act together to continuously and effectively protect them.

国家林业和草原局野生动植物保护司有关负责人表示，将进一步加大对中华秋沙鸭等候鸟的保护力度，制定候鸟重要栖息地标准，根据实际情况制定保护方案，开展保护候鸟联合执法活动，严禁非法猎杀候鸟。同时，鼓励支持公益组织、志愿者等社会各界力量，为候鸟繁衍、迁飞保驾护航。

The relevant person in charge of the Wildlife Protection Department of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration said that the protection of migratory birds such as Chinese merganser will be further strengthened, standards for important habitats for migratory birds will be formulated, protection plans will be formulated according to actual conditions, and joint law enforcement activities for the protection of migratory birds will be carried out. Illegal hunting of migratory birds is strictly prohibited. At the same time, encourage and support public welfare organizations, volunteers and other forces from all walks of life to escort migratory birds to reproduce and move.

本报记者 寇江泽 孟海鹰 朱 磊 王云娜

Our reporter Kou Jiangze, Meng Haiying, Zhu Lei, Wang Yunna