湿地保护润泽美丽中国

Wetland Protection Beautifies China

深圳福田红树林美景与城市融为一体。张子博摄

beautiful scene of mangrove in Futian District Shenzhen is integrated with the city. Photo by Zhang Zibo

山东东营黄河三角洲湿地，一只天鹅在水上飞翔。周广学摄

A swan flies on the water in the Yellow River Delta wetland in Dongying, Shandong. Photo by Zhou Guangxue

湖南东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区内的野生麋鹿群。姚 毅摄

Wild elk herd in east dongting lake national nature reserve in hunan. Photo by Yao Yi

四川宜宾市南溪区湿地公园的油菜花迎春绽放。严易程摄（人民视觉）

The rape blossoms in the wetland park of nanxi district, yibin city, sichuan, are blooming in spring. Photo by Yan Yicheng (People's Vision)

核心阅读

Core reading

湿地被誉为“地球之肾”“物种基因库”，与森林、海洋并称为地球三大生态系统。

Wetlands are known as "kidneys of the earth" and "gene pools of species", and together with forests and oceans, they are called the three major ecosystems of the earth.

今年是中国加入《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》（简称《湿地公约》）30周年。30年来特别是党的十八大以来，我国大力推进生态文明建设，加强湿地保护修复，湿地生态状况持续改善，生物多样性日益丰富。水清岸绿，鱼儿畅游，鸥鹭翔集，全国已指定64处国际重要湿地，认定29处国家重要湿地，建立600多处湿地自然保护区、1600多处湿地公园，湿地保护率超过50%。中国为全球湿地保护和合理利用作出了重要贡献。

This year marks the 30th anniversary of China's accession to the "Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat" (referred to as the "Convention on Wetlands"). In the past 30 years, especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, my country has vigorously promoted the construction of ecological civilization, strengthened the protection and restoration of wetlands, and the ecological conditions of wetlands have continued to improve, and biodiversity has become increasingly rich. The water is clear and the shore is green, the fish swim freely, and the gulls and herons flock together. The country has designated 64 internationally important wetlands, 29 nationally important wetlands, and established more than 600 wetland nature reserves and more than 1,600 wetland parks, with a wetland protection rate of over 50%. %. China has made important contributions to the protection and rational use of global wetlands.

山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区

Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve

鸟儿在这里安然栖居

Birds inhabit here comfortably.

“东经118.98781、北纬37.75219，有53只灰雁……”在山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区小岛河监测点，生态观测员吴立新正用望远镜观测并记录。

"East longitude 118.98781, north latitude 37.75219, there are 53 gray geese..." At the Xiaodaohe monitoring point in Shandong Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, ecological observer Wu Lixin is using a telescope to observe and record.

“快看，‘鸟浪’！”一旁的保护区管委会高级工程师朱书玉边说边指向天空，只见密密麻麻的鸟儿时而高速俯冲，时而悠然盘旋。“这两个‘鸟浪’，每个至少有几千只鸟儿，前两天我还遇见上万只的‘鸟浪’咧。”吴立新说。

"Look, 'bird waves'!" Zhu Shuyu, a senior engineer of the protected area management committee, pointed to the sky, and saw the densely packed birds swooping at high speed and circling leisurely. "These two 'bird waves' each have at least several thousand birds, and I met tens of thousands of 'bird waves' two days ago." Wu Lixin said."Look, 'Bird Waves '!" Zhu Shuyu, a senior engineer of the management committee of the reserve, pointed to the sky as he said, and saw dense birds swooping at high speed and hovering leisurely. "each of these two 'birds wages' has at least a few thousand birds, and I met tens of thousands of 'bird wages' two days ago." Wu Lixin said.

黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区，总面积1530平方公里，是世界上暖温带保存最完整、最年轻的湿地生态系统。保护区位于大陆、海洋、河流的交错带，随着黄河入海水沙通量降低，局部区域海岸受侵蚀，湿地生态非常脆弱。“我们坚持用生态的办法治理生态，倡导自然引导、人类助力，呵护整个生态系统。”保护区党工委书记、管委会主任许明德说。

The Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, with a total area of 1,530 square kilometers, is the most complete and youngest wetland ecosystem preserved in the warm temperate zone in the world. The protected area is located in the staggered zone of the continent, the ocean and the river. With the reduction of the sediment flux of the Yellow River into the sea, the coast in some areas is eroded, and the wetland ecology is very fragile. "We insist on using ecological methods to manage the ecology, advocating natural guidance, human assistance, and taking care of the entire ecosystem." said Xu Mingde, secretary of the Party Working Committee and director of the management committee of the reserve.

芦苇倒映在湛蓝的水面上，鸟鸣啾啾，水天一色。绿头鸭、斑嘴鸥、罗纹鸭，有的成群在水面休憩，有的扑棱着翅膀紧贴水面疾飞……“那是繁殖岛，面积大约两平方公里。不管水位涨落，岛都淹不着，适合涉禽、游禽繁殖。”朱书玉说，像这样的繁殖岛，保护区已建了100多个。

The reeds are reflected on the blue water, the birds are chirping, and the water and sky are the same color. Mallards, spot-billed gulls, ribbed ducks, some resting on the water in groups, some flapping their wings and flying close to the water... "That is a breeding island, with an area of about two square kilometers. No matter the water level rises and falls, the island is always there. It cannot be submerged, and it is suitable for breeding of wading birds and swimming birds." Zhu Shuyu said that more than 100 protected areas have been built on such breeding islands.

在吴立新看来，建好繁殖岛相当于重建一条生物链，“大自然的事儿，就要按自然规律办。”

In Wu Lixin's view, building a breeding island is equivalent to rebuilding a biological chain.

“水禽是标志湿地生物多样性的重要指标，反映湿地生态健康状况。”朱书玉说，保护区多措并举保护水禽，目前，保护区鸟类由1992年成立时的187种增加到371种，成为东方白鹳全球最大繁殖地、黑嘴鸥全球第二大繁殖地、白鹤全球第二大越冬地。

Waterfowl is an important indicator of wetland biodiversity and reflects the ecological health of wetlands. Zhu Shuyu said that the reserve has taken multiple measures to protect waterfowl. At present, the reserve has increased from 187 species when it was established in 1992 to 371 species, becoming the world's largest breeding ground for the Oriental White Stork, the second largest breeding ground for the black-billed gull in the world, The second largest wintering ground for white cranes in the world.

水是湿地保护修复的核心要素。保护区相继实施黄河生态调水、刁口河丰水期调水等，近3年生态补水量达3.6亿立方米。

Water is the core element of wetland conservation and restoration. The reserve has successively implemented the ecological water diversion of the Yellow River and the water diversion of the Diaokou River during the high-water season. In the past three years, the ecological water supply has reached 360 million cubic meters.

保护区还探索多种生态治理模式。例如，采用“刈割+淹水”“刈割+翻耕”等，治理外来有害生物互花米草，为我国沿海地区潮间带开展湿地生态修复提供了宝贵经验。据监测，近几年保护区内盐地碱蓬、柽柳和芦苇等主要植被群落面积逐年增加，生态效益显著。

The reserve also explores a variety of ecological governance models. For example, the use of "cutting + flooding" and "cutting + ploughing" to control the alien pest Spartina alterniflora provides valuable experience for wetland ecological restoration in the intertidal zone of my country's coastal areas. According to monitoring, in recent years, the area of main vegetation communities such as Suaeda salsa, Tamarix and reed in the reserve has increased year by year, and the ecological benefits are remarkable.

守护大美湿地，离不开法治力量。“目前，133项行政执法权已下放到保护区，设立了巡回法庭和检察工作站，执法司法实现一体化，提高了生态执法威慑力。”保护区综合执法负责人赵德存说。

The protection of baeautiful Wetland is inseparable from the power of the rule of law. "At present, 133 administrative law enforcement powers have been delegated to the protected area, and circuit courts and procuratorial workstations have been set up. The integration of law enforcement and justice has improved the deterrence of ecological law enforcement." Zhao Decun, head of comprehensive law enforcement in the protected area, said.

曾经的“退海之地”，如今已是鸟类安然栖息之地。湿地深处，丹顶鹤飞舞盘旋，疣鼻天鹅甜蜜相依，凸显生态之美。

What was once a "land of retreat" is now a safe habitat for birds. Deep in the wetlands, red-crowned cranes fly and hover, and whopper swans are sweetly dependent on each other, highlighting the beauty of ecology.

“疣鼻天鹅的故乡是欧洲和北非，2002年，我第一次在保护区发现它们，目前已有300多只在保护区‘定居’。”朱书玉相信，随着黄河口国家公园创建工作的推进，会有越来越多的鸟儿来这里安家落户。

The homeland of whopper swans is Europe and North Africa. I first spotted them in the reserve in 2002, and more than 300 of them have 'settled' in the reserve. "Zhu Shuyu believes that with the advancement of the establishment of the Yellow River Mouth National Park, more and more birds will come to settle here.

湖南东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区

Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve

湿地生态越来越好

Wetland ecology is getting better and better.

清晨，阳光穿透云雾，洒在一望无际的洞庭湖。在湖南省岳阳市华容县注滋口镇，东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区管理局调查队队员登上快艇，朝着湖心出发。

In the early morning, the sun penetrated the clouds and mist, and sprinkled on the endless Dongting Lake. In Zhuzikou Town, Huarong County, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, members of the investigation team of the East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve Administration boarded a speedboat and set off towards the center of the lake.

调查队队员们要去探查麋鹿种群的分布变化和生存状态。朝南行驶大约50分钟后，到达保护区的核心区域。这里湖汊纵横，洲滩广阔，芦苇浩荡。快艇靠岸后，5名调查队队员踏上洲滩，继续向西步行。

The members of the survey team are going to explore the distribution changes and living conditions of the elk population. After driving south for about 50 minutes, you reach the core of the reserve. Here the lake is vertical and horizontal, the beach is vast, and the reeds are vast. After the speedboat docked, five members of the investigation team stepped on the beach and continued to walk westward.

“洞庭湖涨水为湖，落水为洲。湖洲上没有道路，也没有交通工具，我们只能徒步前往监测点。”保护区管理局副局长高大立说，调查队队员穿的都是适合在湿地行走的套鞋。

"Dongting Lake becomes a lake when the water rises, and a continent when it falls. There are no roads and no means of transport on the lake. We can only walk to the monitoring point." Overshoes for walking in wetlands.

一路上，高大立时不时弯下腰来，观察植物生长的情况。他惊喜地发现，苔草已萌芽，草芽尖尖，翠绿点点，这正是麋鹿最爱的美食。

Along the way, Gao Dali bent down from time to time to observe the growth of the plants. He was pleasantly surprised to find that the grass has sprouted, the grass buds are sharp and green, which is the favorite food of the elk.

12公里的路程，调查队队员跟着导航步行近3个小时，终于到达监测点。这是一处两层楼高的房子，站在楼顶，使用高倍望远镜，周边方圆几公里的情景一览无余。

After a 12-kilometer journey, the members of the investigation team followed the navigation for nearly 3 hours and finally reached the monitoring point. This is a two-storey house. Standing on the roof, using a high-powered telescope, the surrounding scene for several kilometers is unobstructed.

通过望远镜，调查队队员很快便发现了麋鹿留下的脚印，并在西面约1.5公里的地方，看到一个有40多头麋鹿的鹿群。有的麋鹿在觅食，有的在休息，还有的在奔跑嬉戏。

Through the binoculars, the survey team members soon discovered the footprints left by the elk, and saw a deer herd of more than 40 elk about 1.5 kilometers to the west. Some elk are foraging, some are resting, and some are running and playing.

“我们每个月都要开展一次麋鹿野外调查。”高大立边说边记下这块区域的经纬度，雌鹿、雄鹿、幼鹿的具体数量等信息。这次调查为期3天，共监测到4个鹿群、116头麋鹿。

"We will carry out a field survey of elk every month." Gao Dali said while writing down the latitude and longitude of this area, the specific number of female deer, bucks, and young deer. The survey lasted for 3 days, and a total of 4 deer herds and 116 elk were monitored.

“这些数据能为今后的麋鹿保护和湿地修复提供详实依据。”高大立说，保护区根据麋鹿习性，有针对性地开展湿地保护修复，建设生境岛、隐蔽地，确保麋鹿种群安居。

"These data can provide a detailed basis for future elk protection and wetland restoration." Gao Dali said that according to the habits of elk, the reserve will carry out targeted wetland protection and restoration, and build habitat islands and sheltered places to ensure the stable settlement of elk populations.

保护区承担了国家相关部委的麋鹿救护与繁育、水鸟调查等科研项目，与科研院校合作，加强对雁类、小天鹅等鸟类及麋鹿的追踪研究。同时，开展湿地保护与恢复、山水林田湖草生态修复、退耕还湿等多个科研项目，一些项目已取得阶段性成果。

The reserve has undertaken scientific research projects such as elk rescue and breeding, and water bird surveys by relevant state ministries and commissions, and has cooperated with scientific research institutions to strengthen the tracking research on geese, cygnets and other birds and elk. At the same time, a number of scientific research projects such as wetland protection and restoration, ecological restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, fields, lakes and grasslands, and returning farmland to wetlands have been carried out, and some projects have achieved phased results.

保护区管理局副总工程师宋玉成介绍，保护区监测收集东洞庭湖生物多样性资源本底数据及变化趋势，编制生物多样性监测报告，并向社会发布。近年来，通过科学开展生态监测，统筹推进湿地保护与修复，湿地生态功能增强，湿地生物多样性保护成效明显。

Song Yucheng, deputy chief engineer of the Reserve Management Bureau, introduced that the reserve monitoring collects the background data and changing trends of East Dongting Lake biodiversity resources, compiles a biodiversity monitoring report, and releases it to the public. In recent years, through scientific ecological monitoring and coordinated promotion of wetland protection and restoration, wetland ecological functions have been enhanced, and wetland biodiversity conservation has achieved remarkable results.

候鸟欢歌，麋鹿奔跑，江豚欢跃……洞庭湖湿地生态环境越来越好。不久前，湖南省林业局组织了2021年至2022年洞庭湖越冬水鸟同步调查，数据显示，洞庭湖4个自然保护区记录水鸟29.8万只，较上年增长1万只。今年1月，在洞庭湖监测到的麋鹿数量达到230余头，洞庭湖江豚数量持续增加，达到120多头。

The migratory birds sang, the elk ran, and the finless porpoise jumped... The ecological environment of the Dongting Lake wetland is getting better and better. Not long ago, the Hunan Provincial Forestry Bureau organized a simultaneous survey of wintering waterbirds in Dongting Lake from 2021 to 2022. The data showed that 298,000 waterbirds were recorded in the four nature reserves of Dongting Lake, an increase of 10,000 over the previous year. In January this year, the number of elk monitored in Dongting Lake reached more than 230, and the number of finless porpoises in Dongting Lake continued to increase, reaching more than 120.Migratory birds sing, elk running, finless porpoise jubilation ...... Dongting Lake wetland ecological environment is getting better and better. Not long ago, the Hunan Forestry Bureau organized a simultaneous survey of overwintering waterbirds in Dongting Lake from 2021 to 2022. The data showed that 298,000 waterbirds were recorded in the four nature reserves of Dongting Lake, an increase of 10,000 over the previous year. In January this year, the number of elk monitored in Dongting Lake reached more than 230, and the number of finless porpoises in Dongting Lake continued to increase to more than 120.

广东内伶仃岛—福田国家级自然保护区

Guangdong Neilingding Island-Futian National Nature Reserve

红树林焕发新生机

Mangroves rejuvenated

一大早，宋昌华出发巡林。

Early in the morning, Song Changhua set out to tour the forest.

宋昌华是广东内伶仃岛—福田国家级自然保护区管理局福田站巡护队队长，他巡查的福田红树林位于自然保护区内，长约9公里、占地面积约368公顷。这里是深圳湾的一块原生森林湿地，也是全国唯一一个处于城市腹地的国家级自然保护区。

Song Changhua is the captain of the patrol team of Futian Station of the Innerlingding Island-Futian National Nature Reserve Administration in Guangdong. The Futian mangroves he inspected are located in the nature reserve, about 9 kilometers long and covering an area of about 368 hectares. This is a native forest wetland in Shenzhen Bay, and it is also the only national nature reserve in the hinterland of the city.

在红树林中的栈道上，抬眼北望，不远处就是繁华的市中心，高楼林立、车水马龙。保护区内的红树林郁郁葱葱。

On the plank road in the mangroves, looking up to the north, not far away is the bustling city center, with high-rise buildings and a lot of traffic. The mangroves in the reserve are lush.

“你看，红树林像不像海岸线上的‘绿色长城’！”宋昌华指着地图说。宋昌华与这片红树林结缘已有18年，几乎每天都会进林巡逻。作为守护红树林的“生态卫士”，他感到很自豪。

"Look, don't the mangroves look like the Great Green Wall on the coastline!" Song Changhua said, pointing to the map. Song Changhua has been associated with this mangrove forest for 18 years, and he patrols the forest almost every day. He is proud to be the "ecological guardian" who guards the mangroves.

地处城市中心，这片原生湿地来之不易。保护区建于1984年，1988年升级为国家级自然保护区。“上世纪90年代，随着城市建设加快，红树林一度面临考验。”曾任保护区管理局局长的王勇军回忆。1997年，国务院批复调整深圳福田国家级自然保护区范围，将原来规划穿过红树林的滨海大道北移260米，留住了红树林湿地。此后，保护区还修建了全国第一条保护鸟类的隔音墙。

Located in the center of the city, this native wetland is not easy to come by. The reserve was built in 1984 and upgraded to a national nature reserve in 1988. "In the 1990s, with the acceleration of urban construction, the mangrove forests once faced a test." Wang Yongjun, the former director of the protected area management department, recalled. In 1997, the State Council approved the adjustment of the scope of Shenzhen Futian National Nature Reserve, moving the Binhai Avenue originally planned to pass through the mangroves to the north by 260 meters, retaining the mangrove wetlands. The reserve has since built the nation's first soundproof wall to protect birds

福田红树林湿地包括基围、滩涂和红树林。基围为鸟类提供觅食和栖息地，滩涂上丰富的底栖动物是水鸟主要食物来源，保护区每年组织人工清除滩涂上的红树林幼苗，以保持足够面积的滩涂供鸟类觅食。从2010年开始，深圳市投入3亿元，用于修复红树林生态湿地、整治水环境等。

Futian Mangrove Wetland includes base enclosures, tidal flats and mangroves. The base wall provides foraging and habitats for birds. The abundant benthic animals on the tidal flat are the main food source for waterfowl. The reserve organizes the manual removal of mangrove seedlings on the tidal flat every year to maintain a sufficient area of the tidal flat for birds to forage. Since 2010, Shenzhen has invested 300 million yuan to restore mangrove ecological wetlands and improve water environment.

“那是以前村民养鱼的地方，现在是水鸟栖息地；这边原来是个球场，现在建成了生态公园……”宋昌华一边走一边介绍，“现在保护区里连乱扔垃圾的现象也基本没有了。”

"It was the place where the villagers used to raise fish, but now it is a habitat for water birds; it used to be a golf course, but now an ecological park has been built..." Song Changhua introduced as he walked, "There is basically no littering phenomenon in the reserve now. already."

95后熊章静硕士研究生毕业后来到保护区科研室工作。她说：“现在整个城市保护红树林的意识很强，湿地生态越来越好。”

After 1995, Xiong Zhangjing went to work in the scientific research room of the protected area after gaining a master's degree. She said: "Now the whole city has a strong awareness of protecting mangroves, and the wetland ecology is getting better and better."

去年6月，深圳湾红树林湿地修复项目入选自然资源部与世界自然保护联盟联合发布的实践典型案例。红树林湿地已成为深圳生态文明建设示范基地，每年为超过1000万人次提供游览和科教服务。

In June last year, the Shenzhen Bay Mangrove Wetland Restoration Project was selected as a typical practice case jointly released by the Ministry of Natural Resources and the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The mangrove wetland has become a demonstration base for ecological civilization construction in Shenzhen, providing tours and scientific and educational services to more than 10 million people every year.

如今，福田红树林湿地的生物多样性显著增加。据统计，现有原生红树植物16种，其中本地自然生长的红树植物达7种；记录鸟类约200种，其中卷羽鹈鹕、白肩雕、黑脸琵鹭等23种为珍稀濒危物种。这里还是东亚—澳大利西亚迁飞区候鸟越冬地和“中转站”，每年有约10万只迁徙候鸟在这里越冬或经停，是全球濒危鸟类黑脸琵鹭的第二大越冬地。

Today, the biodiversity of the Futian Mangrove Wetland has increased significantly. According to statistics, there are 16 species of native mangrove plants, including 7 species of native mangrove plants; about 200 species of recorded birds, of which 23 species such as curly-feathered pelicans, white-shouldered eagles, and black-faced spoonbills are rare endangered species. It is also the wintering place and "transit station" for migratory birds in the East Asia-Australasian Flyover Zone. About 100,000 migratory birds spend the winter or stop here every year. It is the second largest wintering place for the black-faced spoonbill, an endangered bird in the world.

湿地保护，任重道远。湿地保护法将于今年6月1日起施行，这是我国首次专门针对湿地保护进行立法。国家林草局湿地司司长吴志民表示：“随着湿地保护法制定实施，我国湿地保护将进入高质量发展阶段。”

Wetland protection is an ongoing battle. The Wetland Protection Law will come into force on June 1 this year. This is the first time that my country has legislated specifically for wetland protection. Wu Zhimin, director of the Wetland Department of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, said: "With the formulation and implementation of the Wetland Protection Law, my country's wetland protection will enter a stage of high-quality development."

越来越美丽的湿地，正润泽中国、惠及世界。（李红梅 侯琳良 王云娜 程远州）

More and more beautiful wetlands are moistening China and benefiting the world. (Li Hongmei, Hou Linliang, Wang Yunna, Cheng Yuanzhou)