“本升专”时代来了？
Is the era of "going from an undergraduate level to a junior college level" coming?
近日，郑州铁路职业技术学院公布的2025年单招计划引发了广泛关注和热议。今年，学校继续面向本科毕业生招生，计划招生135人，涉及动车组检修技术、高速铁路综合维修技术、铁道交通运营管理三个专业，毕业后发放专科毕业证。
Recently, the 2025 single recruitment plan announced by Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College has attracted widespread attention and heated discussion. This year, the school continues to enroll fresh high school graduates, and plans to recruit 135 students. The recruitment covers three majors, namely EMU Maintenance Technology, High-speed Railway Comprehensive Maintenance Technology, and Railway Traffic Operation Management. After graduation, a junior college diploma will be issued.
郑州铁路职业技术学院官网截图
Screenshot of official website of Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
在社交媒体上，网友们纷纷留言：
On social media, netizens have left messages one after another:
“这是学历倒挂？本科白读了？”
"Is this a case of inverted academic qualifications? Is the undergraduate education rendered useless?"
“企业都在抢专科生，本科生都找不到工作。”
"Enterprises are scrambling for junior college students, while undergraduates are having difficulty finding jobs.”"
“先读本科后读专，学历硬过五指山。”
"Study for an undergraduate degree first and then for a junior college degree, and this kind of educational background is more "formidable" than Wuzhishan."
“这是技术岗捷径，比考研卷公务员实在多了！”
"This is a shortcut to technical positions, and it's much more practical than preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination or competing for civil service positions. "
“人太多，必须要学到真本事才具备竞争力。”
"There are too many people. You have to acquire real skills in order to be competitive."
这一现象不禁让人思考，难道“本升专”的时代真的来了？
This phenomenon can't help but make people think: Is the era of "going from an undergraduate degree to a junior college major" really coming?
就业导向下的理性选择——行业与学校的双重吸引力
Rational Choice Oriented by Employment --The Dual Attraction of the Industry and the School
显然，郑州铁路职业技术学院“本升专”招生爆火，并非因为专科教育突然火了、“香”了，而是其学校背后行业的显著就业优势，以及学校自身强大实力的双重吸引力。
Obviously, the popularity of Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College's enrollment for students who are downgrading from an undergraduate level to a junior college level is not due to the sudden popularity or attractiveness of junior college education. Instead, it is due to the remarkable employment advantages of the industry related to the college and the dual allure of the college's own strong capabilities.
从行业角度来看，铁路行业近年来发展迅猛，对专业技术人才的需求持续增长。根据麦可思发布的《2024年中国高职生就业报告》，铁路运输业、城市轨道交通业连续三年稳居就业量前五行业。
From an industry perspective, the railway industry has developed rapidly in recent years, and the demand for professional and technical talents continues to grow. According to the "2024 Employment Report of Chinese Higher Vocational Students" released by MyCOS, the railway transportation industry and the urban rail transit industry have remained among the top five industries in terms of employment volume for three consecutive years.
2023届高职毕业生在铁道运输类行业的平均月薪达5328元，远高于全国高职平均水平(4683元)，仅次于IT类行业(自动化类5421元、机械设计制造类5366元)。而郑州铁路职业技术学院此次招收本科生的几个专业，均属于轨道交通领域。
The average monthly salary of 2023 higher vocational graduates in the railway transportation industry reaches 5,328 yuan, which is significantly higher than the national average for higher vocational graduates (4,683 yuan), and is only second to certain IT-related industries (5,421 yuan for automation-related majors and 5,366 yuan for mechanical design and manufacturing majors). Moreover, several majors for which Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College enrolls students this time are all in the field of rail transit. Note that the college enrolls students at the vocational level rather than "undergraduates" as the college is a vocational institution.
2021~2023届高职主要专业类毕业半年后的月收入TOP10(单位：元)
Top 10 monthly income six months after graduation of major vocational college majors for the graduating classes of 2021 to 2023 (unit: yuan)
数据来源：麦可思《2024年中国高职生就业报告》
Data source: MyCOS' "2024 Employment Report of Higher Vocational Students in China"
2023届高职专业月收入TOP10排行榜中，铁道类专业占据了前4名(铁道机车5833元、铁道交通运营管理5781元、铁道工程技术5725、动车组检修技术5611)，基本与本科生平均月收入持平。
In the top 10 monthly income rankings of higher vocational majors in 2023, railway majors occupy the top 4 (railway locomotives 5,833 yuan, railway traffic operation and management 5,781 yuan, railway engineering technology 5,725 yuan, and EMU maintenance technology 5,611 yuan), which is basically the same as the average monthly income of undergraduates. Income remains the same.
2023届高职生毕业半年后月收入TOP10的主要专业(单位：元)
The top 10 majors of higher vocational students in the class of 2023 in terms of their monthly income half a year after graduation (unit: yuan)
数据来源：麦可思《2024年中国高职生就业报告》
Data source: Mycos' "2024 Employment Report of Higher Vocational Students in China"
从学校角度来看，郑州铁路职业技术学院创建于1951年，是全国铁路系统第一所独立设置的高职高专，也是河南唯一公办轨道交通类高职院校。学校实力强劲，位居国家骨干高职院校之列，近三年毕业生就业率均超90%，远超普通本科。此外，学校与全国18家铁路局及地铁系统均有深度合作，每年进入铁路和地铁系统的学生数不胜数，职业发展路径清晰、稳定。
From the perspective of the school, Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, founded in 1951, is the first independently established higher vocational college within the national railway system and the only public higher vocational college specializing in rail transit in Henan Province. The school boasts strong strength and ranks among the national backbone higher vocational colleges. In the past three years, the employment rate of its graduates has exceeded 90%, which is far higher than that of ordinary undergraduate programs. Moreover, the school has in-depth cooperation with 18 railway bureaus and subway systems nationwide. Every year, a large number of students enter the railway and subway systems, and their career development paths are clear and stable.
据悉，郑州铁路职业技术学院近年以来都有面向本科招生，而且每年的分数都不低。动车组检修技术、高速铁路综合维修技术、铁道交通运营管理等专业作为学校的王牌专业，更是吸引了众多学生报考。该校2024年面向本科生的单招中，铁道交通运营管理专业录取分数线达85.8分，动车组检修技术专业录取分数线达82.32分(满分均为100分)，其竞争激烈程度远超普通专科高校。
It is reported that Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College has been enrolling undergraduate students in recent years, and the admission scores are quite high every year. Majors such as EMU Maintenance Technology, High-speed Railway Comprehensive Maintenance Technology, and Railway Traffic Operation Management, which are the top majors of the college, have attracted a large number of students to apply. In the college's single recruitment for undergraduates in 2024, the admission score for the Railway Traffic Operation Management major reached 85.8 points, and the admission score for the EMU Maintenance Technology major reached 82.32 points (with a full score of 100 points). The intensity of competition far exceeds that of ordinary junior college institutions.
数据来源：郑州铁路职业技术学院
Data source: Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College
学校在回应媒体采访时表示，市场有相关的用人需求，而且，市场对该类专业学生的知识储备和综合素养要求较高，传统专科生源可能难以满足培养需求。
When responding to media interviews, the school stated that there are relevant employment demands in the market. Moreover, the market has high requirements for the knowledge reserve and comprehensive literacy of students majoring in these fields. It may be difficult for students from traditional junior college enrollment sources to meet the training requirements.
可见，“本升专”现象的出现，是学校与学生之间由于就业需求变化而做出的“双向奔赴”——学校因为就业市场用人需求的提高而提高生源门槛；本科生为了提升自身技能以适应就业需要而选择“回炉专科”。这种选择并非是对本科教育的否定，而是对就业市场变化的一种积极回应。
It can be seen that the phenomenon of "undergraduates opting for junior college-level education" is a "two-way move" between schools and students in response to changes in employment demands. Schools raise the admission threshold for students due to the increased requirements of the job market. Undergraduates, on the other hand, choose to study junior college programs to enhance their practical skills and meet employment needs. This choice is not a negation of undergraduate education but a positive response to the changes in the job market.
“校方的反馈从一个侧面说明，职业教育的发展，最根本的是要靠产业的支撑，尤其是高端制造业的发展。高端产业对人的要求高，薪酬待遇高，于是就能吸引到优秀人才，形成良性循环。在此前提下，所谓观念落后，学历歧视等，就很难成为阻碍因素。”中国教育在线总编辑陈志文在接受媒体采访时这样分析。
The feedback from the school indicates from one perspective that for the development of vocational education, the most fundamental factor is relying on the support of industries, especially the development of high-end manufacturing. High-end industries have high requirements for personnel and offer high salary packages. As a result, they are able to attract outstanding talents and form a virtuous cycle. Under this premise, so-called outdated concepts and discrimination based on academic qualifications are unlikely to serve as hindrances." Chen Zhiwen, Editor-in-Chief of China Education Online, made such an analysis during an interview with the media.
“如果你能给学生提供一份体面的工作，无论是本科还是专科都不重要，甚至本科毕业，也可以再考一个专科。”陈志文说。
"If you can offer students a decent job, it doesn't matter whether it's an undergraduate degree or a junior college diploma. Even after graduating with an undergraduate degree, students can enroll in a junior college program," Chen Zhiwen said.
人才需求升级——呼唤“知识+技能”融合
Upgrading of talent demand-calling for the integration of "knowledge + skills"
实际上，近年来，本科回炉专科学习技能已经成为一种趋势。越来越多的本科生选择“回炉”专科学校，提升自身技能，以适应就业市场对人才的需求。而高职院校也乐于招收知识储备和综合素养较高的本科生，以提高生源质量。
In fact, in recent years, it has become a trend for undergraduates to go back to vocational colleges to acquire practical skills. More and more undergraduates choose to enroll in vocational colleges to improve their practical abilities, so as to meet the demands of the job market for talents. Meanwhile, higher vocational colleges are also willing to admit undergraduates with a rich knowledge reserve and high comprehensive quality in order to enhance the quality of their student sources.
例如，广东岭南职业技术学院近两年招收“回炉”考取技能证书的本科及以上毕业生累计超过150人；山东省青岛市技师学院自2009年创办“大学生技师班”，目前已开办15届，其中不乏毕业于山东大学、北京科技大学等“985”“211”高校的本科生。
For example, in the past two years, Guangdong Lingnan Vocational and Technical College has recruited more than 150 undergraduate and above graduates who are seeking to "return for further study" to obtain skill certificates. Qingdao Technician College in Shandong Province established the "College Student Technician Class" in 2009, and it has now held 15 sessions. Among the students, there are many undergraduates who graduated from "Project 985" and "Project 211" universities such as Shandong University and University of Science and Technology Beijing.
图源：青岛技师学院
Source: Qingdao Technician College
据智联招聘《大学生就业力调研报告》显示，本科毕业生在求职过程中面临双重困境：
According to Zhaopin Recruitment's Survey Report on College Students' Employability, undergraduate graduates face double dilemmas in the process of job hunting:
一是对学历门槛要求高的岗位，本科生往往不如硕博生吃香；对实际操作要求高的岗位，本科生又没有大专生技能对口；
First, for positions that require a high academic threshold, undergraduates are often less favored than master's and doctoral students. For positions that demand strong practical skills, undergraduates don't have skills as well-matched as those of junior college students;
二是大多本科毕业生不具有且不愿意接受实用技术型岗位，只能与更高学历毕业生竞争，导致offer获得率较低。
Second, most undergraduate graduates do not have the ability to take up practical technical positions and are unwilling to accept such positions. As a result, they can only compete with graduates with higher academic degrees, leading to a low offer acceptance rate.
在传统观念中，学历被视为职场的“敲门砖”。然而，随着经济社会的发展及就业形势的变化，如今，企业更青睐那些既有理论基础，又具备实战能力(尤其是相关岗位项目经验及实习经验)的复合型人才，单一的学历优势已不足以支撑求职者的竞争力。
In traditional concepts, academic qualifications are regarded as a "stepping stone" in the workplace. However, with the development of the economic society and the changes in the employment situation, nowadays, enterprises prefer compound talents who possess both theoretical foundation and practical capabilities (especially relevant project experience and internship experience in related positions). The advantage of merely having a certain academic qualification alone is no longer sufficient to support the competitiveness of job seekers.
数据来源：猎聘(图源：公众号黑马程序员)
Data source: Liepin (Source: WeChat official account Dark Horse Programmer)
在就业市场中，职校生在一些核心就业指标上甚至优于本科生。
In the job market, vocational school students even perform better than undergraduates in some core employment indicators.
据《大学生就业力调研报告》显示，2024届本科毕业生offer平均获得率为45.4%，而大专生的offer获得率高达56.3%，碾压了本科生。同样是智联的数据， 在大专、本科、硕博offer获得率倒挂的现实下，有超半数大学生认为，“回炉”职业学校学技能，可以获得学历与实用技能的双重优势，拓宽求职之路。
According to the "Report on College Students' Employability", the average offer acquisition rate of undergraduate graduates in the class of 2024 is 45.4%, while that of junior college students is as high as 56.3%, surpassing that of undergraduates. Based on the data from Zhilian as well, given the reality where the offer acquisition rates of junior college students, undergraduates, master's degree candidates and doctoral students are in an inverted situation, more than half of college students believe that "going back to vocational schools" to acquire skills can bring dual advantages of academic qualifications and practical skills, and expand their job-hunting paths.
图源：腾讯新闻
Source: Tencent News
据麦可思2024版就业蓝皮书(包括《2024年中国本科生就业报告》《2024年中国高职生就业报告》)数据显示，2023届本科、高职毕业生平均月收入分别为6050元、4683元。而在某些行业和岗位上，高职高专毕业生的平均月收入已经与本科生基本持平。在一些新兴产业领域，如人工智能、5G通信、智能制造等，甚至超过本科生。
According to the data in the 2024 Employment Blue Book by Mycos (including the "2024 Employment Report of Undergraduates in China" and the "2024 Employment Report of Higher Vocational Students in China"), the average monthly income of undergraduate and higher vocational graduates of the class of 2023 is 6,050 yuan and 4,683 yuan respectively. In some industries and positions, the average monthly income of higher vocational college graduates is basically on a par with that of undergraduates. In some emerging industrial fields, such as artificial intelligence, 5G communication, intelligent manufacturing, etc., it even exceeds that of undergraduates.
从毕业三年后的月收入来看，电子信息类、装备制造类、交通运输类月收入排前三位，均超过 7400 元。这表明，在一些技术密集型行业，具备专业技能的高职毕业生具有显著竞争力，其薪酬也具有不错的上升空间。
Judging from the monthly income three years after graduation, the electronic information category, the equipment manufacturing category, and the transportation category rank among the top three in terms of monthly income, all of which exceed 7,400 yuan. This indicates that in some technology-intensive industries, higher vocational graduates with professional skills possess significant competitiveness, and there is also good room for their salaries to rise.
2020届高职各专业大类毕业三年后的月收入与涨幅(单位：元，%)
The monthly income and increase of various majors in higher vocational colleges in 2020 three years after graduation (unit: yuan,%)
与此同时，高铁、IT、新能源等新兴产业对技术人才的要求从“单一操作”转向“复合知识与技能”。例如，动车组检修需掌握机械、电子、数据分析等多领域知识。显然，传统的专科教育已无法满足产业发展的需求，招收知识储备更扎实、知识体系更完整的本科生“回炉”重造，也是职业教育高质量发展，培养高素质技能人才的必然要求。
At the same time, the requirements of emerging industries such as high-speed rail, IT, and new energy for technical talents have shifted from "single operation" to "compound knowledge and skills". For example, the maintenance of EMUs requires the mastery of knowledge in multiple fields such as machinery, electronics, and data analysis. Obviously, traditional junior college education can no longer meet the needs of industrial development. Recruiting undergraduates with a more solid knowledge reserve and a more complete knowledge system for "re-training" is also an inevitable requirement for the high-quality development of vocational education and the cultivation of high-quality skilled talents.
随着高端制造业的发展及就业市场对复合型人才的需求不断增加，职业教育和普通教育的界限正在逐渐模糊，二者正在向互补型、协同型方向发展。因此，我们需打破“学历至上”或“技能万能”的思维定式，关注能力与价值，拥有终身学习的态度和行动力，专注个人能力与综合素养的提升。
With the development of the high-end manufacturing industry and the growing demand for composite talents in the job market, the boundary between vocational education and general education is gradually blurring, and the two are evolving in a complementary and collaborative direction. Therefore, we need to break the mindset of "prioritizing academic qualifications" or "believing skills are all-powerful", pay attention to both abilities and values, adopt an attitude and take action towards lifelong learning, and concentrate on the enhancement of personal capabilities and comprehensive qualities.
“当然，提高职业教育学历，改进学生与家长观念，都可以为职业教育发展创造更好的社会氛围。而从更根本的层面，随着高端制造业的壮大，能为更多人提供一份体面的工作，显然更能为职业教育赋能。”陈志文分析道。
"Of course, enhancing the academic qualifications in vocational education and changing the mindsets of students and parents can create a better social atmosphere for the development of vocational education. At a more fundamental level, with the growth of high-end manufacturing, it can offer more people a decent job, which obviously provides greater impetus for vocational education." Chen Zhiwen analyzed.
总之，“本升专”现象的出现，并不意味着专科教育本身变得比本科教育更“香”，而是反映了就业导向下企业对技能和知识的双重需求。片面强调知识或片面强调技能，都无法满足当下及未来的需求。未来的职场，需要的是既能掌握扎实的基础理论，又具备强大实践能力的复合型人才。
In short, the emergence of the phenomenon of "undergraduate students enrolling in junior college programs" doesn't mean that junior college education is more appealing than undergraduate education. Instead, it reflects the dual demand of enterprises for skills and knowledge in the context of employment orientation. Simply emphasizing knowledge or solely focusing on skills cannot meet the current and future needs. In the future workplace, what is required are composite talents who can master solid basic theories and possess strong practical abilities.
教育的目标不是培养“知识的容器”，而是培养“能力的载体”。在AI席卷全球的当下，这一理念显得更为重要。
The goal of education is not to cultivate "containers of knowledge", but "carriers of abilities". With AI sweeping the globe, this concept has become even more crucial.
“在高等教育日益普及的当下，文凭的标签价值正快速贬值，人人都有文凭，等于没有文凭。所以，重要的不是文凭，而是能带来价值的文凭，哪怕是专科。” 陈志文说。
"With the growing popularity of higher education, the label value of diplomas is depreciating rapidly. When almost everyone has a diploma, it's as if having a diploma means nothing. Therefore, what really matters isn't just the diploma itself, but a diploma that can bring value, even if it's a junior college diploma." Chen Zhiwen said.
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The copyright of this article belongs to China Education Online. If you want to reprint it, please indicate that it is reprinted from China Education Online
作者：黄卓
Author: Huang Zhuo
