Historic Buildings

历史建筑

There are about 600 buildings in Rocky Mountain National Park, though there were once twice that many standing within park boundaries. For much of the twentieth century, the National Park Service considered Rocky Mountain a natural park, and therefore management decisions aimed to return the landscape to pre-contact conditions. Though some buildings were protected, not until 1988 was the "natural" designation lifted and a new mandate towards historic preservation embraced. Since then, numerous park buildings have been restored or rehabilitated.

落基山国家公园目前约有600栋建筑，不过历史上园区范围内的建筑数量曾是现在的两倍。20世纪的大部分时间里，国家公园管理局都将落基山公园定位为“自然公园”，因此管理决策多以让园区景观回归人类涉足前的状态为目标。尽管有部分建筑得到了保护，但直到1988年，“自然公园”这一定位才被取消，转而开始推行历史保护的新使命。从那以后，园区内许多建筑都得到了修复或翻新。

What is a Historic Building?

什么是历史建筑？

A historic building is listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1967 requires the National Park Service to nominate resources for listing. In order to be eligible for listing, a building must be significant to our history--in architecture, archaeology, engineering, or culture. Buildings must convey a sense of time and place. Generally, they must also be at least 50 years old.

历史建筑指的是已列入《国家史迹名录》或符合列入条件的建筑。1967年《国家历史保护法》规定，国家公园管理局有责任推荐相关资源列入名录。一座建筑要符合列入条件，必须在历史上具有重要意义——无论是在建筑、考古、工程还是文化领域。这些建筑得能让人感受到特定的时代氛围和地域特色，而且通常来说，建成时间需至少满50年。

Why Are Park Buildings Significant?

为什么公园建筑意义重大？

Park buildings are generally listed in the National Register because of their architectural significance or their association with ranching and tourism in the region.

园区内的建筑之所以能列入《国家史迹名录》，通常是因为它们在建筑方面有独特价值，或是与该地区的牧场经营、旅游业发展有着密切关联。

Architectural Significance

建筑意义

Most of the park's buildings are rustic in style. The first director of the NPS, Stephen Mather, advocated rustic design within parks as early as 1918 believing that buildings should blend with their natural surroundings. With wood shingle roofs, log framing, stone foundations, exposed rafter tails, and dark-stained siding, many buildings within Rocky Mountain NP exemplify this design philosophy. The Twin Owls Residence behind MacGregor Ranch is one of the earliest extant National Park Service-constructed buildings in the park.

公园内的建筑大多是乡村风格。国家公园管理局首任局长斯蒂芬·马瑟早在1918年就主张公园建筑采用这种风格，他认为建筑应当与自然环境融为一体。落基山国家公园的许多建筑都体现了这一设计理念——木瓦屋顶、原木框架、石砌地基、外露的椽尾，再配上深色护墙板。麦克格雷戈牧场后方的双猫头鹰住宅，是园区内现存最早由国家公园管理局建造的建筑之一。

Association with Ranching and Tourism in the Region

与该地区的畜牧业和旅游业有关

Before Congress established Rocky Mountain NP in 1915, the areas around Grand Lake and Estes Park were filled with cattle ranches. With the growing popularity of tourism in the area, many of these ranchers converted their properties to dude ranching. They built cabins to house their guests. During the 1930's, 40's, and 50's, many park visitors stayed at one of the guest ranches in the area, including McGraw Ranch, Never Summer Ranch, Green Mountain Ranch, and Onahu Ranch. You can visit all of these sites in Rocky Mountain National Park. Many other visitors built vacation homes in and near the park. These homes, many of which are used to house park employees, represent the growth of the local tourism industry.

1915年国会设立落基山国家公园之前，格兰德湖和埃斯蒂斯公园周边遍布牧场。随着当地旅游业兴起，不少牧场主把产业改成了度假牧场，还盖了小木屋供游客住宿。20世纪30到50年代，很多游客都住在这一带的度假牧场，比如麦格劳牧场、永夏牧场、青山牧场和奥纳胡牧场，这些地方现在都还能在落基山国家公园里参观到。还有不少游客在公园内外盖了度假屋，其中很多如今成了公园员工的宿舍，这些房子也见证了当地旅游业的发展。

A Sampling of Historic Buildings

历史建筑样本

Even visitor buildings like campground ranger stations and comfort stations are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1939, the Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations have exposed rafter tails, exposed log framing, and board and batten siding. The Ranger Station at Glacier Basin Campground (1930) has a stone foundation, exposed rafter tails, and log construction. The National Park Service built Aspenglen Comfort Station (1942) with wavy siding, echoing the nearby riparian area of Fall River. The Keeper of the National Register designated these and other National Park Service-constructed rustic buildings in 1988.

就连营地护林员站、公共卫生间这类游客服务建筑，也被列入了《国家史迹名录》。1939年建成的 timber creek 营地公共卫生间，有外露的椽尾、原木框架和板条护墙；1930年的冰川盆地营地护林员站，采用石砌地基，椽尾外露，整体为原木结构；1942年国家公园管理局修建的阿斯彭格伦公共卫生间，用了波浪形护墙板，和附近法尔河的河岸景观相呼应。1988年，国家史迹名录主管部门将这些及其他由国家公园管理局建造的乡村风格建筑正式列入名录。

There are ten backcountry buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The backcountry cabins share the rustic style, although materials vary from stone to log depending on the environment. Examples can be found at Fern Lake (1925), the Keyhole on Longs Peak (Agnes Vaille Memorial Shelter, 1927), Willow Park (1923), Lawn Lake (1931), Shadow Mountain (1933), Thunder Lake (1930), and Twin Sisters (built by the National Forest Service in 1914).

国家史迹名录中收录了10处公园偏远地区的建筑。这些野外小木屋同样是乡村风格，不过建材会根据环境有所不同，既有石头建造的，也有原木搭建的。比如1925年的蕨湖木屋、1927年朗斯峰钥匙孔处的艾格尼丝·瓦耶纪念避难所、1923年的柳园木屋、1931年的草坪湖木屋、1933年的影山湖木屋、1930年的雷湖木屋，以及1914年由国家森林局修建的双姐妹山木屋，都是这类建筑的代表。

The Utility Area Historic District is significant for its rustic design. National Park Service employees designed these buildings in the 1920's and 1930's. Young men in the Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal work program, built some of the buildings. Many are still used for their original purposes. This area includes housing for permanent employees and their families, maintenance shops and garages, and ranger offices.

公共设施历史区因其乡村风格设计而具有重要价值。这些建筑是20世纪二三十年代由国家公园管理局员工设计的，其中一部分由“平民保育团”（新政时期的一个就业项目）的年轻人参与建造。许多建筑至今仍在发挥最初的作用，这里有常住员工及其家属的住房、维修车间、车库，还有护林员办公室。

In January 2001, the Secretary of the Interior designated the Beaver Meadows Visitor Center a National Historic Landmark, the highest historic designation reserved for just 2400 properties across the nation at the time. Built in 1967, it is nationally significant for its contribution to the National Park Service Mission 66 program and for its embodiment of modern National Park Service architecture. Mission 66 was a park building program that began in 1956. Its goal was to transform the National Park Service to meet postwar conditions, including modernizing visitor facilities. Beaver Meadows Visitor Center also embodies National Park Service modern architecture. Tom Casey of Taliesin Architects, a design firm started after Frank Lloyd Wright's death in 1959, designed the building. It exemplifies Wright's belief in organic architecture, which attempts to integrate a building into its surroundings. Taliesin Architects, therefore, continued the tradition of rustic design in Rocky Mountain National Park--utilizing modern materials--into the 1960's.

2001年1月，内政部长将海狸谷游客中心定为国家历史地标——这是当时全国仅2400处建筑能获得的最高历史荣誉。这座建成于1967年的建筑，因其在国家公园管理局“66号使命”计划中的贡献，以及对现代国家公园建筑风格的集中体现，具有全国性意义。“66号使命”是1956年启动的公园建设计划，旨在改造国家公园管理体系以适应战后需求，包括升级游客设施。海狸谷游客中心也彰显了国家公园的现代建筑风格。它由塔利辛建筑事务所的汤姆·凯西设计，该事务所是1959年弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特去世后成立的。建筑体现了赖特“有机建筑”的理念——力求让建筑与周边环境融为一体。因此，塔利辛建筑事务所在20世纪60年代延续了落基山国家公园的乡村风格传统，只不过改用了现代建材。