释放建筑领域节能降碳潜力 助力碳达峰碳中和

Releasing the Potential of Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction in Building Field to Help Carbon peaking and Carbon neutrality

核心阅读

Core reading

建筑领域是实施节能降碳的重点行业领域之一。截至2020年底，全国累计建成绿色建筑面积超66亿平方米，对减少碳排放贡献突出。提升建筑能效水平，要加快更新建筑节能、市政基础设施等标准，提高节能降碳要求，释放建筑领域节能降碳潜力。

The construction industry is one of the key sectors for implementing energy conservation and carbon reduction. By the end of 2020, the country had constructed a total of over 6.6 billion square meters of green buildings, making outstanding contributions to reducing carbon emissions. To improve the level of building energy efficiency, we should speed up the renewal of standards for building energy conservation and municipal infrastructure, raise the requirements for energy conservation and carbon reduction, and release the potential for energy conservation and carbon reduction in the construction field.

节能降碳，要抓重点行业。国务院此前印发的《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》（以下简称《行动方案》）提出，加快更新建筑节能、市政基础设施等标准，提高节能降碳要求。

Energy conservation and carbon reduction should focus on key industries. The "Action Plan for Carbon Peak by 2030" (hereinafter referred to as the "Action Plan") previously issued by the State Council proposes to speed up the renewal of standards for building energy conservation and municipal infrastructure, and to raise the requirements for energy conservation and carbon reduction.

我国建筑总量规模大，要提升建筑领域节能标准，当前进展如何？接下来应重点开展哪些工作？记者采访了相关部门负责人和行业专家。

China's total construction volume is large. What is the current progress in improving energy conservation standards in the construction field? What should we focus on next? The reporter interviewed the heads of relevant departments and industry experts.

绿色建筑实现跨越式增长

Green Building Realizes Leapfrog Growth

色彩缤纷的铝合金格栅斜向交叉，在夜间的光影作用下，仿佛飘落的雪花……北京冬奥会冰球训练场馆五棵松冰上运动中心不仅有超高“颜值”，还实现了超低能耗。“场馆采用二氧化碳制冰，相比常规制冷剂能够提升40%效能，制冰余热回收后，还可用于热水供应等。不仅如此，屋面安装的600千瓦光伏发电板能实现年供电约70万千瓦时。”参与场馆建设的中建一局五棵松冰上运动中心项目经理冯延军说。

Colorful aluminum alloy grilles cross obliquely, like falling snowflakes interplay the effect of light and shadow at night... Wukesong Ice Sports Center, the ice hockey training venue for the Beijing Winter Olympics, not only has ultra-high "color value", but also realizes ultra-low energy consumption. "The venue uses carbon dioxide to make ice, which can improve the efficiency by 40% compared with conventional refrigerants. After the waste heat from ice making is recovered, it can also be used for hot water supply, etc. Not only that, the 600 kilowatt photovoltaic panel installed on the roof can supply about 700,000 kilowatt hours of power annually." Feng Yanjun, project manager of Wukesong Ice Sports Center of China Construction First Bureau, who participated in the venue construction, said.

近年来，我国建筑节能标准稳步提升。住房和城乡建设部标准定额司司长田国民介绍，自1986年颁布第一版建筑节能设计标准以来，我国建筑节能经历了“三步走”，即在上世纪80年代初普通住宅采暖能耗的基础上，建筑节能比例逐渐达到30%、50%、65%。30余年时间，我国颁布了居住建筑节能（五类气候区）、公共建筑节能、农村建筑节能、节能产品等标准规范， 形成了比较系统的节能技术体系和标准体系。

In recent years, China's building energy efficiency standards have steadily improved. Tian Guomin, director of the Standard Quota Department of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said that since the promulgation of the first edition of the Building Energy Efficiency Design Standards in 1986, China's building energy efficiency has gone through "three steps", that is, on the basis of the heating energy consumption of ordinary residential buildings in the early 1980s, the proportion of building energy efficiency has gradually reached 30%, 50% and 65%. For more than 30 years, the standard specifications of energy saving products for energy conversation in residential buildings publicly buildings and really buildings have been enacted in China , forming a relatively systematic energy-saving technology system and standard system.

根据测算，截至2019年底，我国新建和完成节能改造的建筑，每年可实现节能能力近3亿吨标准煤，可减少二氧化碳排放7.4亿吨，有效减缓了建筑能耗总量增长速度。

According to estimates, by the end of 2019, China's newly-built and completed energy-saving buildings can achieve an energy-saving capacity of nearly 300 million tons of standard coal per year, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 740 million tons, and effectively slow down the growth rate of total building energy consumption.

与此同时，我国绿色节能建筑实现跨越式增长。截至2020年底，全国城镇当年新建绿色建筑占新建建筑比例达到77%，累计建成绿色建筑面积超过66亿平方米；累计建成节能建筑面积超过238亿平方米，节能建筑占城镇民用建筑面积比例超过63%。根据《行动方案》，到2025年，城镇新建建筑全面执行绿色建筑标准。

At the same time, China's green and energy-saving buildings have achieved leapfrog. By the end of 2020, 77% of the new green buildings in cities and towns across the country had been built in that year, with a cumulative green building area of over 6.6 billion square meters. A total of 23.8 billion square meters of energy-saving buildings have been built, accounting for more than 63% of the urban civil construction area. According to the Action Plan, by 2025, new buildings in cities and towns will fully implement green building standards.

“建筑节能对于减少碳排放的贡献突出。尤其是碳达峰、碳中和目标提出后，逐步建立系统完善的碳达峰碳中和综合评价考核制度，有助于节能及绿色发展理念在建筑全领域更有效落地。”田国民说。

"Building energy efficientcy has made outstanding contributions to reducing carbon emissions. In particular, after the carbon peak and carbon neutralization targets are put forward, a systematic and perfect comprehensive evaluation and assessment system for carbon peak and carbon neutralization will be gradually established, which will help the concepts of energy conservation and green development to fall to the ground more effectively in the whole field of construction." Tian Guomin said.

建筑节能降碳面临一定挑战

Energy conversation and carbon reduction in buildings are facing certain challenges

据介绍，随着城镇化进程加速和人民生活水平提高，加上产业结构调整、主要依托建筑提供服务场所的第三产业将快速发展，我国建筑用能强度和碳排放强度还会有较大幅度增加。未来建筑领域还将释放巨大的节能降碳潜力，实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的挑战和压力也不小。

According to reports, with the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of people's living standards, coupled with the adjustment of industrial structure, the tertiary industry, which mainly relies on buildings to provide service places, will develop rapidly, and the intensity of building energy consumption and carbon emissions in China will also increase considerably. In the future, the construction field will also release huge potential for energy conservation and carbon reduction, and the challenges and pressures in achieving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality are also quite significant.

例如建筑建设成本上升，面临一定资金压力。“提升节能标准，意味着要降低窗户传热系数、加厚保温材料等，成本会有所提升。另外，我国既有居住建筑存量大，节能改造等工作需要足够的资金支持。”田国民说，当前政府在推动建筑节能工作中仍发挥主要作用，合同能源管理、碳交易、综合能效服务等市场化推动机制尚有待完善，绿色金融支持也在探索之中。

For example, the cost of construction rises and faces certain financial pressure. "Raising the energy-saving standard means reducing the heat transfer coefficient of windows and thickening the thermal insulation materials, etc., and the cost will be increased. In addition, China has a large stock of existing residential buildings, and energy-saving renovation and other work need sufficient financial support." Tian Guomin said that the current government still plays a major role in promoting building energy conservation. Market-oriented promotion mechanisms such as contract energy management, carbon trading and comprehensive energy efficiency services still need to be improved, and green financial support is also being explored.

同时，技术攻关仍需继续推进。“比如建筑节能改造的外墙保温材料厚度已经达到15厘米至18厘米。如果进一步提升节能标准，墙体穿的‘棉袄’可能要更厚。这样一来，保温层脱落、易燃的风险也将加大。未来，还要积极研发相同保温效果但更轻薄、防火性能更良好、使用寿命更长的外保温材料。”田国民告诉记者。不仅如此，高效节能门窗，高性能混凝土、高强钢等建材，装配式建筑连接处防水技术等，都需要依赖更强大的技术支撑，从而提高建筑的能效。

At the same time, technological research still needs to be further promoted. "For example, the thickness of exterior wall insulation materials for building energy-saving renovation has reached 15cm to 18cm. If the energy-saving standard is further raised, the 'cotton-padded jacket' worn on the wall may be thicker. In this way, the thermal insulation layer will fall off and the risk of flammability will also increase. In the future, we will actively develop external thermal insulation materials with the same thermal insulation effect but lighter and thinner, better fire resistance and longer service life. " Tian Guomin told reporters. Not only that, high-efficiency and energy-saving doors and windows, high-performance concrete, high-strength steel and other building materials, and waterproof technology at the joints of prefabricated buildings all need to rely on stronger technical support, thus improving the energy efficiency of buildings.

除此之外，推进建筑节能还面临一些瓶颈：社会对建筑节能重视程度仍然不高；城乡建设领域“大量建设、大量消耗、大量排放”的粗放式建设方式有待转型；建筑节能与绿色建筑在城镇与农村之间、东部沿海地区与中西部地区之间发展不平衡，适应农村特点的政策、标准、技术及制度有待完善。《行动方案》提到，加快推进城乡建设绿色低碳发展，城市更新和乡村振兴都要落实绿色低碳要求。

In addition, the promotion of building energy conservation still faces some bottlenecks: the society still does not attach much importance to building energy conservation; The extensive construction mode of "large amount of construction, large amount of consumption and large amount of emission" in the field of urban and rural construction needs to be transformed. The development of building energy conservation and green buildings is unbalanced between cities and towns and between the eastern coastal areas and the central and western regions. Policies, standards, technologies and systems suitable for rural characteristics need to be improved. The Action Plan mentions that to accelerate the green and low-carbon development of urban and rural construction, urban renewal and rural revitalization should implement the green and low-carbon requirements.

加快推进城乡建设绿色低碳发展

Accelerating Urban and Rural Construction, Green and Low Carbon Development

410个钢结构构件、197个屋面单元板块、170个光伏幕墙单元，累计只用了7个昼夜，建筑面积达1063平方米的国家能源集团光伏建筑一体化中心墙体就像“搭积木”一样装配好了。

410 steel structure members, 197 roof unit plates and 170 photovoltaic curtain wall units took only 7 days and nights in total, and the walls of the photovoltaic building integration center of the National Energy Group, with a construction area of 1063 square meters, were assembled like "building blocks".

相比传统现浇方式，装配式建造不仅速度快，还能有效降低施工过程中的建筑垃圾排放，并且能减少扬尘和噪声等环境污染。数据显示，2020年，31个省（区、市）和新疆生产建设兵团新开工装配式建筑达6.3亿平方米，较2019年增长50%，占新建建筑面积的比例约为20.5%。

Compared with the traditional cast-in-situ method, fabricated construction not only has fast speed, but also can effectively reduce the emission of construction waste during construction, and can reduce environmental pollution such as dust and noise. Data show that in 2020, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps started 630 million square meters of newly-built prefabricated buildings, up 50% from 2019, accounting for about 20.5% of the newly-built construction area.

除了推广新型建造方式、减少施工现场材料浪费和能源消耗，接下来将如何深入推进建筑领域节能降碳？

In addition to promoting new construction methods and reducing material waste and energy consumption on the construction site, how will energy conservation and carbon reduction in the construction field be further promoted next?

《行动方案》提出，推动城市组团式发展，科学确定建设规模，控制新增建设用地过快增长。建设高品质绿色建筑，进一步提高新建建筑节能水平、加强既有建筑节能改造、加强建筑运行管理。在提升建筑节能标准方面，中国建筑科学研究院专业总工程师徐伟建议，应加快“零碳建筑技术标准”建设，推动建筑节能工作逐步迈向能耗、碳排放总量和强度“双控”。

The "Action Plan" proposes to promote the development of cities in groups, scientifically determine the construction scale, and control the excessive growth of new construction land. We will build high-quality green buildings, further improve the energy-saving level of new buildings, strengthen the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, and strengthen the operation and management of buildings. In terms of improving building energy efficiency standards, Wei Xu, chief engineer of the China Academy of Building Sciences, suggested that the construction of "Zero Carbon Building Technical Standards" should be accelerated to promote building energy efficiency work to gradually move towards "double control" of energy consumption, total carbon emissions and intensity.

此外，还需加快优化建筑用能结构。例如深化可再生能源建筑应用，积极推动严寒、寒冷地区清洁取暖，提高建筑终端电气化水平等。《行动方案》提出，到2025年，城镇建筑可再生能源替代率达到8%，新建公共机构建筑、新建厂房屋顶光伏覆盖率力争达到50%。

In addition, it is necessary to speed up the optimization of building energy consumption structure. For example, deepen the application of renewable energy in buildings, actively promote clean heating in cold and cold areas, and improve the electrification level of building terminals. The Action Plan proposes that by 2025, the replacement rate of renewable energy in urban buildings will reach 8%, and the photovoltaic coverage rate on the roofs of new public institution buildings and new factory buildings will strive to reach 50%.

如今，多地推出相应政策鼓励建筑节能：河北的重点产业高质量发展专项资金，对高性能门窗、专用特种材料等超低能耗建筑专有部品部件生产企业给予倾斜；黑龙江提出，在土地供应、行业管理、税费等方面出台实质性优惠政策，引导各地保障性住房建设采用装配式建造方式；广东对建设、购买、运行绿色建筑或者对既有民用建筑进行绿色化改造的，出台资金支持、容积率奖励、税收优惠等激励措施……

At present, various corresponding policies have been introduced to promote building energy conservation: Hebei's key industries established special funds for high-quality development, promoting preferential treatment to ultra-low energy consumption building proprietary components manufacturers such as high-performance doors and windows, special special materials, etc. Heilongjiang proposed to introduce substantial preferential policies in land supply, industry management, taxation and other aspects to guide the construction of affordable housing in various regions to adopt prefabricated construction methods. Guangdong has introduced financial support, floor area ratio incentives, tax incentives and other incentives for the construction, purchase and operation of green buildings or the green transformation of existing civil buildings...

接下来，住房和城乡建设部将会同有关部门，推动各地进一步压实城乡建设绿色发展责任，完善相关工作机制，逐步形成城乡建设绿色发展的法规体系和政策体系，为我国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标作出积极贡献。

Next, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development will, in conjunction with relevant departments, promote all localities to further compact their responsibilities for green development in urban and rural construction, improve relevant working mechanisms, and gradually form a legal and policy system for green development in urban and rural construction, making positive contributions to China's realization of the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

本版制图：汪哲平

This edition of drawing: Wang Zheping

《 人民日报 》（ 2022年01月11日 12 版）

People's Daily (January 11, 2022, 12th Edition)