‘There’s a culture of fear:’ Undocumented college students agonize as Trump term nears

“存在一种恐惧文化：”随着特朗普任期的临近，无证大学生感到痛苦

Jenni Hernandez attends Sacramento State, located in a sanctuary city in a sanctuary state and a campus that welcomes immigrants. Yet because she lives in the country without authorization, the amplified fear she now feels yanks her back to when she was a 7-year-old and first learned her parents could be deported at any time.

珍妮·埃尔南德斯就读于萨克拉门托州立大学，该校位于一个避难所州的一个避难所城市，是一个欢迎移民的校园。然而，因为她未经授权住在这个国家，她现在感到的放大的恐惧把她拉回到了她7岁时，第一次得知她的父母可能随时被驱逐出境。

“Where a lot of my peers would have nightmares about monsters under their beds or things like that, I had a genuine fear that one day my parents were just gonna be gone and I would never know what happened,” Hernandez said. Now, she said, with President-elect Donald Trump’s vow to launch mass deportations, “I’m back to that fear.”

埃尔南德斯说：“我的很多同龄人都会做噩梦，梦见床下有怪物或类似的事情，但我真的很担心有一天我的父母会离开，我永远不会知道发生了什么。”她说，现在，随着当选总统唐纳德·特朗普发誓要发动大规模驱逐出境，“我又回到了那种恐惧。”

Hernandez, 23, was brought to California by her parents when she was 1 and grew up in California’s Bay Area. After high school she found state resources to help her pay college tuition. She isn’t legally allowed to work but participates in a program where she earns experience through volunteering and is given a stipend. As a graduate student assistant at California State University, Sacramento, she is pursuing a master’s degree in higher education leadership.

23岁的埃尔南德斯1岁时被父母带到加州，在加州湾区长大。高中毕业后，她找到了州政府的资源来帮助她支付大学学费。法律上不允许她工作，但她参加了一个项目，通过志愿服务获得经验，并获得津贴。作为加州州立大学萨克拉门托分校的研究生助理，她正在攻读高等教育领导力硕士学位。

But, she said, “I don’t feel safe anywhere right now.”

但是，她说，“我现在在任何地方都感到不安全。”

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Hernandez is one of an estimated 100,000 undocumented college students in California — the most of any state in the country — who are confronting an especially uncertain future as they pursue higher education and aspire to work. College leaders and advocates for undocumented students are assessing what protections institutions can offer.

埃尔南德斯是加州估计有10万名无证大学生中的一员，这是美国最多的一个州，他们在追求高等教育和渴望工作的过程中面临着特别不确定的未来。大学领导和无证学生的倡导者正在评估机构可以提供什么保护。

Some students, advocates said, are grappling with an even more existential question: Should they stay in college?

倡导者说，一些学生正在努力解决一个更关乎存在主义的问题：他们应该留在大学吗？

“I think it does put into question the idea of pursuing higher education, putting yourself out there post-election, if it’s going to put yourself or your family members in danger,” said Madeleine Villanueva, director of higher education at the California-based nonprofit Immigrants Rising.

加州高等教育主任马德琳·维拉纽瓦(Madeleine Villanueva)表示：“我认为这确实让人们对追求高等教育的想法产生了质疑，如果这会让你自己或你的家人处于危险之中，那么在选举后将自己置于那里。”非营利移民正在崛起。

Many of today’s undocumented college students — an estimated 408,000 nationwide — are not eligible for any legal protections whatsoever. They had to be at least 15 years old to apply for protection from deportation and a work permit through the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. But by the time they were old enough to apply, the program was embroiled in court challenges. It has not accepted any new applicants since 2021.

今天的许多无证大学生——全国估计有408,000人——没有资格获得任何法律保护。他们必须年满15岁才能通过童年抵美者延期行动（DACA）计划申请免于驱逐出境的保护和工作许可。但是当他们到了可以申请的年龄时，这个项目已经卷入了法庭挑战。自2021年以来，它没有接受任何新的申请人。

Trump recently walked back some of his comments, saying he would work on a plan to allow Dreamers — people like Hernandez who were brought to the U.S. as children and grew up here — to stay. In the same interview, he spoke about mixed-status families — in which some members have legal documentation and others don’t. “I don’t want to be breaking up families, so the only way you don’t break up the family is you keep them together, and you have to send them all back,” Trump said.

特朗普最近收回了他的一些言论，称他将制定一项计划，允许梦想家——像埃尔南德斯这样小时候被带到美国并在这里长大的人——留下来。在同一次采访中，他谈到了混合身份家庭——一些成员有法律文件，而另一些成员没有。特朗普说：“我不想拆散家庭，所以不拆散家庭的唯一方法就是让他们在一起，然后你必须把他们都送回去。”

The uncertainty only heightens students’ fears.

这种不确定性只会加剧学生的恐惧。

“The threats are real and it feels like they’re reinforced almost daily,” said Paulette Granberry Russell, president of the National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education.

全国高等教育多元化官员协会主席波莱特·格兰贝里·拉塞尔(Paulette Granberry Russell)表示：“威胁是真实存在的，而且感觉它们几乎每天都在加强。”

“Students are going to worry about whether they can continue their studies, whether their families will be safe. There’s a culture of fear … and we can’t ignore that.”

“学生们会担心他们是否能够继续学业，他们的家人是否安全。存在一种恐惧文化……我们不能忽视这一点。”

Shortly after the election, the leaders of the University of California, California State University and California Community College systems issued a joint statement saying that they “remain steadfast and committed to our values of diversity and inclusivity.”

选举结束后不久，加州大学、加州州立大学和加州社区学院系统的领导人发表了一份联合声明，称他们“仍然坚定不移地致力于我们多元化和包容性的价值观”。

“Following the presidential election results, we understand that there is a great deal of uncertainty and anxiety within California’s higher education community,” the statement said. “We are proud to welcome students, faculty, and staff from all backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives, and we will continue to support and protect all members of our communities.”

声明称：“总统选举结果公布后，我们知道加州高等教育界存在很大的不确定性和焦虑。”“我们很自豪地欢迎来自各种背景、经历和观点的学生、教职员工，我们将继续支持和保护我们社区的所有成员。”

Under President Joe Biden, the Department of Homeland Security issued a memo designating certain “protected areas” where immigration enforcement should not occur, including colleges and universities, health care facilities, social services centers and churches. That protection could lapse in a new administration, however.

在乔·拜登总统的领导下，国土安全部发布了一份备忘录，指定了某些不应进行移民执法的“保护区”，包括学院和大学、医疗保健机构、社会服务中心和教堂。然而，这种保护可能会在新政府中失效。

Undocumented students in California are eligible for in-state tuition and financial aid, and many have access to free immigration lawyers at public institutions. Elsewhere, these students face very different levels of access to higher education and protection. Some colleges, such as Northeastern Illinois University, offer protections similar to those in California: Campus police will not detain or arrest anyone based solely on their immigration status, and they will not work with ICE unless the agency issues a criminal warrant and the university has clear and easily accessible information about what to do if ICE were to enter campus. But in Texas, for example, while state law bans immigration enforcement in primary and secondary schools, that protection does not extend to colleges or universities.

加州的无证学生有资格获得州内学费和经济援助，许多人可以在公共机构获得免费的移民律师。在其他地方，这些学生面临着非常不同程度的高等教育和保护。一些大学，如东北伊利诺伊大学，提供类似于加州的保护：校园警察不会仅仅基于他们的移民身份拘留或逮捕任何人，他们也不会与移民及海关执法局合作，除非该机构发出刑事逮捕令，并且大学有明确且易于获取的信息，说明如果移民及海关执法局进入校园该怎么办。但例如，在德克萨斯州，虽然州法律禁止在中小学实施移民执法，但这种保护并不延伸到学院或大学。

Villanueva said some undocumented students are concerned about whether ICE agents could come to college campuses and seize them and whether colleges can protect the information students have shared in various financial aid applications.

Villanueva说，一些无证学生担心ICE特工是否会来到大学校园并扣押他们，以及大学是否能够保护学生在各种经济援助申请中分享的信息。

Related: Trump deportation threats weigh on groups offering FAFSA help

相关：特朗普驱逐出境威胁给提供FAFSA帮助的团体带来压力

The federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, or FERPA law prohibits colleges from sharing personally identifiable information from student records without the written permission of the student, according to guidance from the Presidents’ Alliance on Immigration and the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers. But colleges can be required to disclose information without student consent if presented with a court order or subpoena, the law says.

根据总统移民联盟和美国大学注册和招生官员协会的指导，《联邦家庭教育权利和隐私法》（FERPA法）禁止大学在未经学生书面许可的情况下共享学生记录中的个人身份信息。但法律规定，如果出示法院命令或传票，大学可能会被要求在未经学生同意的情况下披露信息。

In California, state law prevents ICE agents from entering private property unless the agents have a warrant. If college officials believe someone was taken into custody by ICE, administrators can quickly reach out to the emergency contact of whomever is being targeted.

在加利福尼亚州，州法律禁止ICE特工进入私人财产，除非特工有搜查令。如果大学官员认为有人被ICE拘留，管理人员可以迅速联系任何成为目标的人的紧急联系人。

Many public colleges in California offer students and their immediate family members access to free immigration legal services through partnerships with local advocacy groups.

加州的许多公立大学通过与当地倡导团体的合作，为学生及其直系亲属提供免费的移民法律服务。

At California State University, Stanislaus, students typically have been able to get an appointment with a lawyer in a matter of days, said Guillermo Metelin Bock, who coordinates support services for undocumented students. But by mid-November, the slots were booked up through the end of the year. Students with DACA status are scrambling to apply for renewals before Trump’s inauguration, and those who have green cards — or have family members who do — are petitioning for naturalization, he said.

负责协调无证学生支持服务的吉列尔莫·梅特林·博克(Guillermo Metelin Bock)表示，在加州州立大学斯坦尼斯劳斯分校，学生通常可以在几天内预约到律师。但是到了11月中旬，这些位置已经被预订到了年底。他说，拥有DACA身份的学生在特朗普就职典礼前争先恐后地申请延期，那些拥有绿卡或有家庭成员拥有绿卡的人正在申请入籍。

“Our students have been feeling anxiety, uncertainty and fear now that we know who’s going to be the next president,” Metelin Bock said.

梅特林·博克说：“既然我们知道谁将成为下一任总统，我们的学生一直感到焦虑、不确定和恐惧。”

Villanueva, of Immigrants Rising, said colleges can take some actions to protect their students.

移民崛起组织的维拉纽瓦说，大学可以采取一些行动来保护他们的学生。

The California attorney general in December published “model policies” or guidance for colleges, written to limit the local and state cooperation with federal immigration enforcement efforts. The document outlines relevant laws and provides guidance on how colleges should handle student information, what to do if ICE requests access student records or wants to enter campus or dorms, and what to do if ICE takes action against students or their family members.

加州司法部长在12月发布了大学的“示范政策”或指南，旨在限制地方和州与联邦移民执法工作的合作。该文件概述了相关法律，并就大学应如何处理学生信息、如果ICE要求访问学生记录或希望进入校园或宿舍该怎么办以及如果ICE对学生或其家庭成员采取行动该怎么办提供了指导。

For example, the model policies suggest giving students an annual notice of what FERPA protects and what type of information may be available through a school directory — and how to opt out of the directory. The guidance advises limiting the collection of information about a student’s immigration status or national origin unless necessary or required by federal law.

例如，示范政策建议每年通知学生FERPA保护什么，可以通过学校目录获得什么类型的信息，以及如何选择退出目录。该指南建议限制收集有关学生移民身份或国籍的信息，除非联邦法律有必要或要求。

Related: Trump deportation plan could separate millions of families, leaving schools to pick up the pieces

相关：特朗普的驱逐出境计划可能会使数百万家庭分离，让学校收拾残局

It recommends colleges designate a staff contact for students, faculty or staff who may be subject to an immigration order or inquiry. If a student is detained or deported, the guide recommends that colleges make every effort to help them maintain financial aid eligibility and keep other funding for their education, and help them reenroll if they are able to return to campus.

它建议大学为可能受到移民令或调查的学生、教职员工指定一名员工联系人。如果学生被拘留或驱逐出境，该指南建议大学尽一切努力帮助他们保持经济援助资格，并为他们的教育保留其他资金，如果他们能够返回校园，帮助他们重新入学。

The guidance also advises that colleges adopt policies about who can access different campus facilities, such as libraries, academic buildings and staff- or student-only lounges. According to federal law, immigration enforcement officers would not need a warrant to enter a university quad, but they would need one to access university student housing.

该指南还建议大学采取关于谁可以使用不同校园设施的政策，如图书馆、教学楼和员工或学生专用休息室。根据联邦法律，移民执法人员进入大学校园不需要搜查令，但进入大学学生宿舍需要搜查令。

“Change is difficult overall, but it’s particularly difficult if your livelihood or your benefits or anything that you depend on could be at risk,” said Viridiana Diaz, vice president of student affairs at California State University, San Marcos.

加州州立大学圣马科斯分校学生事务副校长维里迪亚娜·迪亚兹(Viridiana Diaz)表示：“总体而言，改变是困难的，但如果你的生计、福利或你所依赖的任何东西都可能面临风险，那就尤其困难。”

Diaz said she and other officials are trying to reassure students that they are safe on campus, that ICE officers would not “have access to any of our students” without a warrant.

迪亚兹说，她和其他官员正试图向学生保证，他们在校园里是安全的，没有搜查令，ICE官员不会“接近我们的任何学生”。

Related: Facing post-graduation ‘firsts‘ and uncertain about DACA‘s future, undocumented students turn to each other for support

相关：面对毕业后的“第一次”和对DACA未来的不确定性，无证学生相互寻求支持

Alejandro Garcia Del Rio, a senior majoring in business and marketing at Cal State Stanislaus, said he recently attended an off-campus career fair where ICE was recruiting students to be future agents.

加州州立大学斯坦尼斯劳斯分校商业和市场营销专业的大四学生亚历杭德罗·加西亚·德尔·里奥说，他最近参加了一个校外招聘会，ICE正在招募学生成为未来的代理人。

“Obviously, I felt unsafe,” said Garcia Del Rio, who is undocumented. He tried to act normal and remind himself that the agents weren’t there to arrest anybody.

“显然，我感到不安全，”没有证件的加西亚·德尔里奥说。他试图表现得正常，提醒自己特工不是来逮捕任何人的。

Garcia Del Rio said he’s worried about what Trump’s deportation plan could look like, but he’s trying not to let fear take over his life or limit him any more than his immigration status already does.

加西亚·德尔·里奥说，他担心特朗普的驱逐计划会是什么样子，但他试图不让恐惧接管他的生活，也不让他的移民身份限制他。

Contact staff writer Olivia Sanchez at 212-678-8402 or osanchez@hechingerreport.org.

请致电212-678-8402或osanchez@hechingerreport.org联系特约撰稿人Olivia Sanchez。

This story about undocumented students was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for the Hechinger newsletter.

这个关于无证学生的故事是由Hechinger Report制作的，这是一家专注于教育不平等和创新的非营利性独立新闻机构。注册Hechinger时事通讯。