郑庆华：打造产教融合、科教融汇卓越工程人才培养新生态
Zheng Qinghua: Create a new ecology of training outstanding engineering talents with integration of production and education and integration of science and education
打造产教融合、科教融汇卓越工程人才培养新生态
Creating a new ecology of industry-education fusion and science-education integration for the cultivation of engineering talents with excellence
郑庆华
Zheng Qinghua
[摘 要]深化产教融合是培养卓越工程师的重要突破口，核心是聚焦国家战略需求，通过组织制度创新、培养模式创新，实现有组织科研和人才培养，这是当前高等教育改革的重大任务之一。打造卓越工程人才培养的新生态需要从培养什么样的卓越工程师、如何培养、谁来培养、在哪培养等四个方面进行系统思考。
[Abstract] Deepening the integration of industry and education is an important breakthrough in cultivating engineers of excellence, and the core is to focus on national strategic needs and realize organized scientific research and talent cultivation through innovation of organizational system and cultivation mode, which is one of the major tasks of the current reform of higher education. Creating a new ecology for the cultivation of engineering excellence talents requires systematic thinking in four aspects: what kind of engineers of excellence to be cultivated, how to cultivate, who to cultivate, and where to cultivate.
[关键词]卓越工程师;工程教育;产教融合;科教融汇
[Keywords] Excellent engineer; Engineering education; Integration of production and education; Integration of science and education
卓越工程师是实施科教兴国战略、人才强国战略和创新驱动发展战略的重要力量。高校人才培养应遵循一体两翼，一体是系统性构建创新人才培养模式，一翼是拔尖创新人才培养，以学术创新、基础学科人才为主，造就学术大师、战略科学家、创新领军人才，一翼是卓越工程人才培养，为重大工程规划、核心技术攻关、产品设计开发培养卓越工程人才。当前，我国工程科技领域还存在诸多“卡脖子”技术和瓶颈难题，关键领域高层次卓越工程科技人才供给不足，高校须应时代之急需、应企业之急用。
Engineer Excellence is an important force for the implementation of the strategy of developing the country by science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country by talents and the strategy of innovation-driven development. Talent training in colleges and universities should follow the one and two wings, one is the systematic construction of innovative talent training model, one wing is the training of top innovative talents, academic innovation, basic disciplines, creating academic masters, strategic scientists, innovation leaders, one wing is the cultivation of engineering excellence, for the planning of major projects, core technology research, product design and development to cultivate engineering excellence. At present, China's engineering science and technology there are still many "neck" technology and bottleneck problems, the key areas of high-level excellence in the supply of engineering science and technology talents is insufficient, the university must be the urgent need of the times, should be used by the urgent needs of enterprises.
卓越工程人才培养的时代使命
The Times Mission of Training Excellent Engineering Talents
工程科技是推动人类文明进步最重要的基石。19世纪中叶，以电机、化工、核能为代表的电气化革命，使得人类社会从机械化迈入了电气化，推动生产力大幅提高，也改变了能源的应用方式。从20世纪中叶开始，人类社会又从电气化迈入到了自动化，整个生产过程由计算机控制主导。新时代以物联网、大数据、人工智能为代表的新一代信息技术，正在加速推动人类社会从信息化、数字化迈向智能化。
Engineering science and technology is the most important cornerstone for the progress of human civilization. in the mid-19th century, the electrification revolution, represented by electric motors, chemicals, and nuclear energy, made human society move from mechanization to electrification, which pushed the productivity to increase dramatically, and also changed the way of energy application. Since the mid-20th century, human society has again moved from electrification to automation, with the entire production process dominated by computer control. The new generation of information technology represented by the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence in the new era is accelerating human society from informatization and digitization to intelligence.
重大工程造就杰出人才。科技领军人才的培养离不开重大工程和基础科研攻关的历练。重大工程是推动教育、科技、人才全面整合的重要驱动力量。我国的“两弹一星”工程，不仅破解了一系列重大工程核心技术，同时培养了一批战略科学家、工程技术专家以及数十万的工程技术人才。
Major projects create outstanding talents. The cultivation of scientific and technological leaders cannot be separated from the experience of major projects and basic scientific research. Major projects are an important driving force to promote the comprehensive integration of education, science and technology, and talents. China's "two bombs and one star" project, not only cracked a series of major engineering core technology, while training a number of strategic scientists, engineering experts and hundreds of thousands of engineering and technical personnel.
工程教育决定人类未来。工程科技创新可以催生一个产业，可以影响乃至改变世界。面向未来，无论是深空、深海、深蓝的探索，还是当代面临的网络安全、能源危机、环境污染等重大挑战，都需要工程科技才能解决。工程教育不仅使命和责任越来越重要，而且未来面临的问题也越来越复杂。例如，人工智能技术及其应用中，面临的社会、道德、法律、意识形态、知识产权等问题，都表现出前所未有的复杂性、交叉性，最终都需要有效的工程技术来支撑解决。
Engineering education determines the future of humanity. Innovation in engineering science and technology can give birth to an industry, and can influence or even change the world. Looking to the future, whether it is the exploration of deep space, deep sea and deep blue, or the major challenges faced by contemporary times such as cyber security, energy crisis, environmental pollution, etc., all of them need engineering science and technology in order to be solved. Engineering education not only has an increasingly important mission and responsibility, but also faces increasingly complex problems in the future. For example, the social, ethical, legal, ideological, intellectual property and other issues facing artificial intelligence technology and its applications have shown unprecedented complexity and intersectionality, and ultimately require effective engineering technology to support the solution.
以强人工智能为表征的第四次工业革命浪潮已然到来。第四次工业革命的特征是“人机混合、增强赋能”，机器不仅替代了大部分体力劳动，而且还正在替代过去只有人才能完成的脑力劳动，人类在逻辑推理、信息处理和智能行为领域的主导地位，可能因为人工智能而不复存在。人工智能已渗透入行业产业的方方面面。例如，在制造业领域，人工智能可以通过自动化生产线、智能机器人和供应链优化来提高生产效率和降低成本；在医疗领域，人工智能可以帮助诊断疾病、精准医疗；在金融领域，人工智能可以帮助金融机构进行风险评估、信用评分，欺诈检测和投资策略优化；在教育领域，通过智能教育系统、个性化学习路径和过程评估来提高教育质量和效率等。人工智能已经逐渐全面渗透和赋能各个领域，在此背景下，高校需要谋划学科和专业的布局，对现有学科专业进行内涵升级和改革创新。
The fourth wave of the industrial revolution, characterized by strong artificial intelligence, has already arrived. The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by "human-machine hybrid, enhanced empowerment", the machine not only replaces most of the manual labor, but also is replacing the brain work that only human beings can complete in the past, human beings in the logical reasoning, information processing and intelligent behavior in the field of dominance, may no longer exist because of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence has penetrated into every aspect of the industry industry. For example, in the manufacturing sector, AI can improve productivity and reduce costs through automated production lines, intelligent robots and supply chain optimization; in the medical field, AI can help diagnose diseases and precision medicine; in the financial sector, AI can help financial institutions with risk assessment, credit scoring, fraud detection and optimization of investment strategies; and in the field of education, through intelligent education systems, In the field of education, the quality and efficiency of education can be improved through intelligent education systems, personalized learning paths and process evaluation. Artificial intelligence has gradually and comprehensively penetrated and empowered various fields, in this context, colleges and universities need to plan the layout of disciplines and specialties, and carry out connotation upgrading and reform and innovation of existing disciplines and specialties.
工程科技让中国走向世界。中国在高铁、大桥、高速公路以及5G等诸多领域取得的成就举世瞩目，背后离不开工程教育。目前，我国的工程教育呈现三个1/3，即92个专业类中工科类专业有31个，占比约1/3；攻读工科的在校生人数占全国在校生规模1/3，占全球的38%；全国共有58000多个专业点，工科布点19000多个，占比约1/3。总体上，中国的工程教育无论是规模还是质量，均实现了跨越发展，为中国式现代化建设提供了重要的人才支撑。
Engineering technology has brought China to the world. China's achievements in many fields such as high-speed rail, bridges, highways and 5G are remarkable to the world, behind which engineering education is indispensable. At present, China's engineering education shows three 1/3, i.e., there are 31 engineering majors among 92 major categories, accounting for about 1/3; the number of students studying engineering accounts for 1/3 of the national enrollment scale, accounting for 38% of the global scale; there are more than 58,000 major points in the country, and more than 19,000 engineering points, accounting for about 1/3. Overall, China's engineering education has achieved leapfrog development, providing important talent support for the construction of Chinese-style modernization, in terms of scale and quality. Overall, China's engineering education has achieved leapfrog development in terms of both scale and quality, providing important talent support for Chinese-style modernization.
卓越工程师是影响国家高水平科技自立自强的关键变量，也是国家战略人才力量的重要组成部分。探索形成中国特色、世界水平的工程师培养体系，努力建设一支爱党报国、敬业奉献、具有突出技术创新能力、善于解决复杂工程问题的工程师队伍已成为新时代工程教育的使命与责任。
Engineer excellence is a key variable affecting the self-reliance of the country's high-level science and technology, and is also an important part of the national strategic talent force. It has become the mission and responsibility of engineering education in the new era to explore the formation of a training system for engineers with Chinese characteristics and at the world level, and endeavor to build a team of engineers who love the Party, serve the country, are dedicated to their work, have outstanding technological innovation ability, and are good at solving complex engineering problems.
一是走出一条独立自主的工程教育引领创新驱动发展之路。我国工程教育取得了举世瞩目的成就，形成了类型多样、层次鲜明、专业丰富的工程教育体系。但自主培养新时代卓越工程师的能力仍需突破。科技竞争是国际博弈的重要领域，大国竞争博弈不断加剧，国家对高科技领域领军人才的需求更加迫切。在高端技术和高端人才方面，走向国际低成本获取高端人才和关键技术的路径已不复存在，以往高端技术从技术引进到技术模仿再到技术创新的路线，高端人才从出国培养到归国建设的路线，均不可持续，需要高校加快卓越工程师的自主创新和自主培养，把握和抢占未来科技革命的先机。
Firstly, we have come out with an independent and autonomous engineering education leading the innovation-driven development road. China's engineering education has made world-renowned achievements, forming an engineering education system with diverse types, distinct levels and rich specialties. However, there is still a need for a breakthrough in the ability to independently cultivate outstanding engineers in the new era. Scientific and technological competition is an important field of international game, and the competitive game of big countries is intensifying, and the country's demand for leading talents in the field of high technology is more urgent. In terms of high-end technology and high-end talents, the path to international low-cost access to high-end talents and key technologies no longer exists, the previous route of high-end technology from technology introduction to technology imitation and then to technological innovation, and the route of high-end talents from going abroad to cultivate to return to China to build up are unsustainable, and it is necessary for colleges and universities to accelerate the independent innovation and independent cultivation of engineers of excellence and to seize the opportunities of the future scientific and technological revolution.
二是瞄准国家急需和国际必争领域，构建世界顶尖工程人才培养和成长的生态系统。新时代工程教育需要支撑关键核心技术领域突破，需要找寻关键领域的真问题，并解决真问题、真解决问题。因此，必须紧紧把握当代科技发展及产业变革前沿趋势，尤其聚焦重大基础领域、关键行业和核心技术“卡脖子”难题，加速科学前沿与工程创新的深度融合。
Secondly, aiming at the areas of national urgent needs and international competition, we will build an ecosystem for the cultivation and growth of the world's top engineering talents. Engineering education in the new era needs to support breakthroughs in key core technology fields, and needs to find real problems in key fields and solve real problems and real solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the contemporary trend of scientific and technological development and industrial change, especially focusing on major basic fields, key industries and core technology "neck" problems, and accelerate the deep integration of scientific frontiers and engineering innovation.
三是建立和完善回应国家重大战略需求的科研成果转化体系。从产教融合到产教深度融合再到产教融合、科教融汇，体现了国家对科技重大战略的一以贯之的重视。当前在基础研究到成果转化，到市场推广应用，总体上可以分为13级，其中高校更擅长1—4级，重视基础理论、核心技术的新发明。中间的5—7级往往是断点和盲区，企业更擅长8—10级和11—13级。因此，高校和企业之间的有效衔接，在产教融合中实质推进人才培养、工程实践、科技创新三者有机结合，探索科技创新和产业变革并驾齐驱，实现高质量的科研成果转化体系，破解关键技术应用的“最后一公里”难题。
Thirdly, the establishment and improvement of a system for the transformation of scientific research results that responds to the needs of the country's major strategies. From the integration of industry and education to the deep integration of industry and education and then to the integration of industry and education and the integration of science and education, reflecting the country's consistent attention to the major strategies of science and technology. Currently in the basic research to the transformation of results, to the market promotion and application, in general, can be divided into 13 levels, of which universities are more specialized in levels 1-4, attaching importance to basic theories and new inventions of core technologies. The middle 5-7 levels are often breakpoints and blind spots, and enterprises are better at 8-10 levels and 11-13 levels. Therefore, the effective articulation between universities and enterprises, in the integration of industry and education to promote personnel training, engineering practice, science and technology innovation in the organic combination of the three, to explore scientific and technological innovation and industrial change go hand in hand, to achieve high-quality scientific research results into the system, to crack the key technology application of the "last kilometer" problem.
卓越工程人才培养面临的现实挑战
Realistic challenges faced by the cultivation of outstanding engineering talents
伴随着前三次工业革命，工程教育的范式也发生了三次变革。一是侧重于工程技术范式，适应第一次的机械化和第二次工业革命的电气化阶段，强调生产过程流水线的物理联通，特征是工业生产过程流水线的“物理联通”，相应地创建了一批像机电土化等工程学科，以满足工业化建设对不同行业专门人才的需要，培养一线的工程师、工程人才。
Along with the first three industrial revolutions, the paradigm of engineering education underwent three changes. First, the paradigm focuses on engineering technology, adapting to the first mechanization and the electrification stage of the second industrial revolution, emphasizing the physical connection of the production process, characterized by the "physical connection" of the industrial production process, and accordingly creating a number of engineering disciplines, such as electromechanical civilization, to meet the needs of the industrial construction of specialists for different industries and to train front-line engineers and engineering personnel. Specialists to meet the needs of industrialization construction of different industries, training front-line engineers, engineering personnel.
二是侧重于工程科学范式，特征是信息化、自动化的“信息联通”，主要解决系统的信息采集、共享、处理和反馈控制等问题，偏重通识基础和学科大类基础，创办了计算机、电子、自动化、通信等专业，重视学生数理能力、科学素养，但工程实践能力有所忽视。
Secondly, it focuses on the engineering science paradigm, characterized by informationization and automation "information connection", mainly solving the problems of information collection, sharing, processing and feedback control of the system, and emphasizing the foundation of general knowledge and the foundation of the major disciplines, founding majors in computers, electronics, automation, communications, etc., and attaching importance to the students' ability in mathematics and science and scientific literacy, while neglecting the ability to practise engineering.
三是面向未来万物互联时代背景下的复杂系统工程，其特征是未来智能世界的“万物联通”。随着工程应用的规模越来越大，系统的参数、变量越来越多、越来越复杂，数字孪生、工业互联网以及在此基础上建立了工业大数据、人工智能、自主智能无人系统等，未来的工程技术将更加复杂。除了强调基础学科、工程学科、人文社科等学科的综合集成外，还要更加重视工程自身的问题，更加强调系统思维，满足工程技术“新业态”。
Thirdly, it is a complex systems engineering for the future era of the Internet of Everything, which is characterized by the "connection of everything" in the future intelligent world. As the scale of engineering applications becomes larger and larger, the parameters and variables of the system become more and more complex, and digital twins, the industrial Internet, and industrial big data, artificial intelligence, and autonomous intelligent unmanned systems have been established on this basis, the engineering technology of the future will be even more complex. In addition to emphasizing the comprehensive integration of basic disciplines, engineering disciplines, humanities and social sciences, it is also necessary to pay more attention to the problems of engineering itself, and to emphasize more on systems thinking to meet the "new industry" of engineering technology.
新时代的卓越工程人才应当具备五个基本特征：一是胸怀“国之大者”，怀抱技术改变世界的信念。二是创新精神，善于站在巨人的肩膀上做创新，重大突破性成果往往需要打破固有思维模式，以有别于常规思路的见解为导向，创造新的产品、方法、路径。三是做世界上最强的技术，当今国际竞争下科技的突破与赶超面临各种博弈，关键核心技术是国之重器，是各国科技竞争的战略制高点，决定着一个国家科技实力的真实水平。因此，需要谋划、思考未来的前沿工程科技问题，锚定世界高科技顶尖技术，解决国内工程“卡脖子”问题，解决国际共性的工程难题。四是方法上具有自我迭代和跨界学习的方法论，对工程教育的知识和技能能够自我更新，新技术和新领域需要有跨学科知识背景的复合型工程科技人才来开疆拓土。五是具有扎实的理论和工程实践能力，基础科学知识和理论是实践创新的本源，而工程实践能力则需要灵活应用理论解决实际工程问题，这也是知识价值的外在体现。
Engineering excellence in the new era should have five basic characteristics: first, "the greatness of the country", with the belief that technology will change the world. Second, the spirit of innovation, good at standing on the shoulders of giants to do innovation, major breakthroughs often need to break the inherent mode of thinking, different from the conventional thinking of the insights as a guide to create new products, methods, paths. Third, do the world's strongest technology, today's international competition under the breakthroughs in science and technology and catching up face a variety of games, the key core technology is the country's most important weapon, is the strategic high ground of the scientific and technological competition among countries, determines the true level of a country's scientific and technological strength. Therefore, we need to plan and think about the future of cutting-edge engineering science and technology issues, anchored in the world's top high-tech technology, to solve the domestic engineering "neck" problem, to solve the international common engineering problems. Fourth, the methodology of self-iterative and cross-border learning methodology, the knowledge and skills of engineering education can be self-renewal, new technologies and new fields need to have interdisciplinary knowledge background of the composite engineering and technology talents to open up new frontiers. Fifth, with solid theory and engineering practice ability, basic scientific knowledge and theory is the origin of practical innovation, while engineering practice ability requires flexible application of theory to solve practical engineering problems, which is also the external embodiment of the value of knowledge.
新时代卓越工程人才培养也面临着实践难题。一是学科专业结构难以支撑科技革命。目前，高校的大部分专业、学科都是前三次工业革命的产物，真正围绕第四次工业革命的学科专业并不太多。因此通过人工智能赋能传统学科，是当下极为重要的任务，传统学科也有未来技术，但是需要融入新的动能。
The cultivation of outstanding engineering talents in the new era also faces practical difficulties. First, the structure of disciplines and specialties is difficult to support the scientific and technological revolution. At present, most of the majors and disciplines in colleges and universities are the products of the first three industrial revolutions, and there are not too many disciplines and specialties that really focus on the fourth industrial revolution. Therefore, empowering traditional disciplines through artificial intelligence is an extremely important task at the moment, and traditional disciplines also have future technologies, but they need to be integrated into new kinetic energy.
二是培养模式难以造就卓越工程人才。工程人才的培养需要学术与实践相结合，既要靠大学的教育成长，也需要靠岗位的锻炼成才。随着知识积累越来越多，未来培养拔尖创新人才、卓越工程人才的难度会越来越大。此外，学术性人才和工程性人才在成长、发展以及作用发挥的规律上，也存在差异性。对于学术人才而言，创新高点一般在35—40岁左右阶段，而工程人才相比要推迟7年左右，大概在42—47岁，而且有一个比较平稳的高峰期。这意味着工程人才比学术人才需要更多的实践环节锻炼，需要参与重大工程实践的锻炼和历练才能成长为卓越人才。
Second, the training mode is difficult to create outstanding engineering talent. The cultivation of engineering talents requires a combination of academics and practice, and depends on both the educational growth of the university and the exercise of the post to become a success. With the accumulation of more and more knowledge, it will be more and more difficult to cultivate top innovative talents and outstanding engineering talents in the future. In addition, there are differences between academic talents and engineering talents in terms of growth, development and the law of role play. For academic talents, the high point of innovation is generally at the stage of about 35-40 years old, while engineering talents are delayed by about 7 years compared to about 42-47 years old, and there is a relatively smooth peak period. This means that engineering talents need more practice sessions than academic talents, and they need to participate in the exercise and experience of major engineering practices in order to grow into outstanding talents.
三是校企合作机制难以促进成果转化。产学研合作、协同育人的首尾“一公里”问题突出，如何优化产学研联动机制，促进区域协同创新科学发展，构建一套科学化、高效率、可持续的高校技术转移体系，是我国高校亟待解决的问题。
Third, the school-enterprise cooperation mechanism is difficult to promote the transformation of achievements. The "one kilometer" problem of industry-university-research cooperation and collaborative education is outstanding. How to optimize the linkage mechanism of industry-university-research, promote the scientific development of regional collaborative innovation, and build a scientific, efficient and sustainable technology transfer system in colleges and universities is an urgent problem to be solved in Chinese colleges and universities.
打造卓越工程人才培养新生态
Create a new ecology for training outstanding engineering talents
新时代的卓越工程师不仅要具备工程实践的胜任能力，还需具有扎实的理论知识，既要有认识世界、解释世界的学识，也要有改造世界、创造发明的能力。以同济大学为例，学校建立了卓越工程人才培养的国家重大科学平台和设施，包括汽车整车的风洞实验室、月球与深空探测精密测绘实验室、海底科学观测网、驾驶模拟器、高速磁浮工程试验线、多功能振动实验中心、自主智能无人系统科学中心、国家干细胞转化资源库等，为培养卓越工程人才奠定了研究平台，也为推动校企合作提供了高度耦合的科研资源。
Excellent engineers in the new era not only need to have the competence of engineering practice, but also need to have solid theoretical knowledge, both in terms of knowledge of the world and interpretation of the world, as well as the ability to transform the world and create inventions. Taking Tongji University as an example, the university has established major national scientific platforms and facilities for the cultivation of engineering talents of excellence, including wind tunnel laboratories for automotive vehicles, precision mapping laboratories for lunar and deep space exploration, undersea scientific observation networks, driving simulators, high-speed magnetic levitation engineering test lines, multifunctional vibration experimental centers, science centers for autonomous intelligent unmanned systems, and the National Stem Cell Transformation Resource Bank, which have laid a research platform for cultivating engineering talents of excellence and also provided a research platform for promoting engineering talents. It has laid a research platform and provided highly coupled scientific research resources for promoting university-enterprise cooperation.
培养适应、支撑和引领新一轮科技革命和产业变革的卓越工程人才，打造卓越工程人才培养的新生态不仅是实现教育强国的重大任务，也是高等教育高质量发展的重要外显指标，需要从培养什么样的卓越工程师、如何培养、谁来培养、在哪培养等四个方面进行系统思考。
Cultivating engineering excellence to adapt, support and lead the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, and creating a new ecology for cultivating engineering excellence is not only a major task for realizing a strong education nation, but also an important outward indicator for the high-quality development of higher education, which requires systematic thinking in four aspects: what kind of engineers of excellence to cultivate, how to cultivate them, who to cultivate them, and where to cultivate them.
一是创办政产学研用协同的卓越工程师学院。成立理事会，成员为来自高校、企业、行业/产业、科研院所、金融机构等的专家，成立专门的学位评定委员会。卓越工程师学院对接校内的专业学院和各类科研平台，统筹各方资源，整合延伸，解决科研平台、师资配备、国际交流等问题。对外，推动和企业的合作，共同开展招生，共同选择论文题目，实施双导师共同培养，推动成果的转化，校企合作建立配套的工程师技术中心，建设类企业级别的仿真环境和工程技术实践平台，使工程硕博士在实战环境中研究真问题、开展真科研、产出真成果。
First, to create a college of engineers with excellence in government-industry-university-research-utilization synergy. A council is set up with experts from universities, enterprises, industries/industries, research institutes, financial institutions, etc., and a specialized degree evaluation committee is established. The College of Engineer Excellence connects with professional colleges and various research platforms on campus, coordinates resources from all parties, integrates and extends them, and solves the problems of research platforms, faculty staffing, and international exchanges. Externally, it promotes the cooperation with enterprises, carries out enrollment jointly, selects thesis topics jointly, implements dual tutor joint training, promotes the transformation of achievements, establishes supporting engineer technology center in cooperation with universities and enterprises, and builds enterprise-level simulation environment and engineering practice platform, so as to make engineering masters and doctors study the real problems, carry out the real scientific research, and produce the real results in the real-world environment.
二是创新培养模式和机制，关键是破解导师不适应、平台不适合、机制不适配三个难题。首先，高校导师大多擅长理论研究，缺乏工程背景和对企业需求的理解，而企业导师大多专注技术研发，对研究生成长规律缺乏了解，只有两个导师在培养方案、论文选题、预期目标、过程管理、成果共享、论文评价等方面达成共识，融合互补，才能培养出知行合一的高质量人才；其次，高校的科研平台大多为基础研究型，而企业的研发平台大多为应用型、测试型、生产型，校企单方面都无法满足卓越工程师培养的需求，需要建立起从0到1到N的产业链、创新链、人才链、教育链的有机衔接和协作共享机制；最后，要充分认识高校和企业的不同性质，由于机制的差异和目标价值的不同，容易导致人才培养思路的分歧，出现校企合作流于形式的现象，需要从源头上系统设计，形成合作共赢的利益共同体。
Secondly, to innovate the cultivation mode and mechanism, the key is to crack the three problems of mentors not adapting, platforms not suitable, and mechanisms not suitable. First of all, most tutors in universities are good at theoretical research and lack engineering background and understanding of enterprise needs, while most tutors in enterprises focus on technology research and development and lack understanding of the law of growth of graduate students. Only when the two tutors reach a consensus on the cultivation program, dissertation topic selection, expected goals, process management, results sharing, dissertation evaluation, etc., integrate and complement each other, can we cultivate high-quality talents who are united in knowledge and action; Secondly, most of the universities' Most of the scientific research platforms of universities are basic research type, while most of the R&D platforms of enterprises are application type, testing type and production type, and neither the university nor the enterprise can meet the needs of the cultivation of engineers with excellence unilaterally, and it is necessary to establish the organic connection and collaborative sharing mechanism of the industrial chain, innovation chain, talent chain and education chain from 0 to 1 to N. Finally, it is necessary to fully recognize the different nature of universities and enterprises, and due to the differences in the mechanism and the value of the objectives, it is easy to lead to the differences of the talent cultivation ideas and the differences in the goals. differences, it is easy to lead to differences in talent cultivation ideas, the phenomenon of school-enterprise cooperation in form, the need for systematic design from the source, the formation of cooperation and win-win community of interests.
三是改进现行工程硕博士学位论文的评价办法，建立目标导向、问题驱动、成效为王的评价体系。从招生源头，审核导师的招生资格，明确导师应具备的工程经历和校企合作的背景要求；改革学位论文评审评价办法，引入国内外产业/行业专家，以解决企业关注的技术问题为牵引，以解决复杂工程问题能力为核心，以达成课题的预期目标为依据，打破以论文为核心的学位申请机制，建立新的卓越工程师学位论文评价体系；构建基于培养过程大数据的质量监测系统，综合评价学生的科学素养、工程能力和国际视野，实行动态管理和质量保障。
Thirdly, we will improve the current evaluation methods of engineering master's and doctoral theses, and establish a goal-oriented, problem-driven and effectiveness-oriented evaluation system. From the source of enrollment, review the enrollment qualification of supervisors, and make clear the background requirements of engineering experience and university-enterprise cooperation that supervisors should have; reform the dissertation assessment and evaluation methods, introduce domestic and foreign industrial/industry experts, take the solution of technical problems of concern to enterprises as the traction, take the ability of solving complex engineering problems as the core, and take the achievement of the expected goal of the subject as the basis, break the dissertation-centered degree application mechanism, and establish a new Excellent Engineer Dissertation Evaluation System; build a quality monitoring system based on big data of the cultivation process, comprehensively evaluate students' scientific literacy, engineering ability and international vision, and implement dynamic management and quality assurance.
四是建立从工程硕博士论文研究课题的立项到成果转化的新生态。需要建立真问题、真投入和真导师的三维机制，真问题即需要从企业的实际需求中凝练成科学和技术问题，真投入需要由企业在工程硕士、工程博士的培养方面投入科研经费和奖助金配套，真导师即企业要配备一线的企业工程师指导研究生，实际参与人才培养的各个方面。在此基础上，成果转化方面也需要开辟产教融合知识产权绿色通道以支撑共赢“最后一公里”，研究成果需要在企业开展实证测试和应用的一整套体系和规范，构建知识产权，保护转化、审批、孵化这样一套新的机制，搭建政产学研金贯通的信息对接、金融支持共享系统。
Fourth, to establish a new ecology from the establishment of engineering master's and doctoral dissertation research projects to the transformation of results. It is necessary to establish a three-dimensional mechanism of real problems, real investment and real mentors, real problems that need to be condensed into scientific and technical problems from the actual needs of enterprises, real investment needs to be invested by enterprises in the cultivation of master's degree and doctoral degree of engineering in scientific research funds and scholarship support, real mentors that enterprises should be equipped with front-line engineers to guide the graduate students, and actually participate in the various aspects of talent cultivation. On this basis, the transformation of the results also need to open up the green channel of intellectual property rights of the integration of industry and education to support the win-win "last kilometer", the research results need to be carried out in the enterprise to carry out empirical testing and application of a complete set of systems and norms, the construction of intellectual property rights, the protection of the transformation, approval and incubation of such a new set of mechanisms, build the government, industry, academia, research and gold through the information docking, financial support and sharing system. information docking, financial support sharing system.
总之，新时代卓越工程人才培养需要实现四大变化：一是选拔方式变化，从过去以研究生考试的成绩为录取依据，转变为考查学生的潜力和兴趣为主；二是培养模式的转变，从单一学科专业制砖模式转变为多学科交叉、目标导向的个性培养模式；三是责任主体的转变，从高校导师独立指导转变为校企双导师协同育人；四是评价标准发生变化，以学术论文为核心转变为以解决工程技术问题的能力为核心。
In conclusion, four major changes need to be realized in the cultivation of engineering talents of excellence in the new era: firstly, the change of the selection method, from the past admission based on the grades of postgraduate examination to the examination of students' potential and interest; secondly, the change of the cultivation mode, from the single-discipline specialization brick mode to the multidisciplinary cross and goal-oriented personality cultivation mode; thirdly, the change of the responsible body, from the independent guidance of university tutors to the collaborative cultivation of dual tutors in schools and enterprises; fourthly, the change of the evaluation standard, from the core of the academic thesis to the core of the ability of solving the engineering and technical problems.
作者：郑庆华，同济大学校长，中国高等教育学会招生考试研究分会理事长
Author: Zheng Qinghua, President of Tongji University, Chairman of Admissions Examination Research Branch of China Higher Education Association
来源：原载2023年第21期《中国高等教育》杂志
Source: Originally published in the 21st issue of China Higher Education in 2023
