【美丽中国·网络媒体生态行】草原更丰美 牧民更富裕——内蒙古呼伦贝尔市草原生态补奖采访实录

[beautiful China · online media ecological trip] grassland is more beautiful and herdsmen are richer -- interview record of grassland ecological supplement award in Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia

内蒙古呼伦贝尔市陈巴尔虎草原 敖东摄

Photo by Jidong, Chenbaerhu Grassland, Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia

草原生态保护补助奖励政策，是我国草原牧区覆盖面最广、涉及农牧民最多的一项惠草惠民政策。记者在内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市深入采访草原生态观测站、地方林草局和牧民家庭，了解到草原生态补奖从科学评估到落地实施、惠草惠民的丰富实践。

The grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward policy is the most extensive coverage of grassland and pastoral areas in my country and a policy of benefiting the grass and the people that involves the most farmers and herdsmen. The reporter conducted in-depth interviews with the grassland ecological observation station, the local forest and grassland bureau and herdsmen's families in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and learned about the rich practice of grassland ecological compensation from scientific evaluation to implementation, as well as benefiting grass and people.

草原生态补奖，让牧民选择了以草定畜

The Grassland Ecological Supplement Award allows herders to choose grass to determine livestock

7月21日，记者参加“美丽中国·网络媒体生态行”活动，来到位于海拉尔区的呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站。

On July 21, the reporter participated in the "Beautiful China Online Media Ecological Tour" activity and came to the National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Hulun Buir Grassland Ecosystem in Hailar District

草原站副站长闫瑞瑞介绍，草原站所在的谢尔塔拉牧场是呼伦贝尔草甸草原的腹地，是原生植被保存最完整、最典型的一个区域。草原站在谢尔塔拉牧场样地开展实验，建立了本地区草原载畜量的计算模型，得出了实现草畜平衡的最优方案。

Yan Ruirui, deputy director of the grassland station, introduced that the sertara ranch where the grassland station is located is the hinterland of Hulun Buir meadow grassland, and is the most complete and typical area with the original vegetation. The grassland station carried out experiments in the sample plot of sertara pasture, established the calculation model of grassland livestock carrying capacity in this area, and obtained the optimal scheme to realize the balance between grass and livestock.

“草畜平衡有一个具体的模型。我们要先明确以草定畜，就是说，一定面积的草场能养多少家畜，这里面有一个公式。”

"There is a specific model for the balance of grass and livestock. We must first determine how many livestock can be raised in a certain area of ​​grassland. There is a formula here."

闫瑞瑞在实验地前为记者介绍不同放牧强度下草原生态是如何变化的。“这片养3头牛的区域是每公顷0.34个牛单位的放牧压，这片养8头牛的区域是每公顷0.92个牛单位的放牧压。大家能看出来，养3头牛的这片地里草长得就好，牧草的生物多样性也比较高，而且当地的优势羊草非常多，防风、柴胡等有生态价值的药用植物，都在这个适度放牧的区域出现。而养8头牛的草地里出现了灰灰的冷蒿，它是草场退化的一个指示物种。”记者顺着她指的方向看去，养3头牛的草场草长得确实更茂盛，整体看上去更青翠。

Yan Ruirui introduced to reporters how the grassland ecology changed under different grazing intensities before the experimental site. "This area with 3 cows has a grazing pressure of 0.34 cattle units per hectare, and this area with 8 cows has a grazing pressure of 0.92 cattle units per hectare. As you can see, this area with 3 cows has a grazing pressure of 0.92 cattle units per hectare. The grass grows well in the field, the biodiversity of forage grass is relatively high, and the local dominant Leymus chinensis is very abundant, and medicinal plants with ecological value such as windbreak and Bupleurum all appear in this moderately grazing area. The gray wormwood appeared in the grassland with 8 cows, which is an indicator species of grassland degradation." The reporter looked in the direction she pointed, and the grass in the grassland with 3 cows was indeed more lush. Go greener.

闫瑞瑞又拿两片草场的牛来做对比。养3头牛这一组，牛就在记者们眼前一片悠闲地吃着草，看上去膘肥体壮，而养8头牛的一组，牛都走到了很远的地方。闫瑞瑞解释道：“你想这个牛它为啥肥呢？这个区域里的草都是好吃的草，又有充足的水，它就不受饿，一般一天走4公里就吃饱了。如果这一片就剩下退化的草，都是适口性不好的草，牛就不爱吃了，它就要去找好吃的草，一天就得走七八公里，一直处在半饥饿的状态，就养不起膘来。”

Yan Ruirui also used two pastures for comparison. In the group with 3 cows, the cows were grazing leisurely in front of the reporters, looking fat and strong, while in the group with 8 cows, the cows all went far away. Yan Ruirui explained: "Why do you think this cow is fat? The grass in this area is delicious grass, and there is enough water, so it will not be hungry, and it will usually be full after walking 4 kilometers a day. If All that is left is the degraded grass, which is not very palatable. The cow doesn't like it. It has to find delicious grass. It has to walk seven or eight kilometers a day, and it has been in a state of semi-starvation. , I can't afford to gain weight."

“另外我们还针对牧民的实际情况，以畜定草。有的牧民家里已经养了那么多牲畜，就计算他需要多少面积的草场，如果天然草原不够，就得补种一定面积的人工草地，目的也是实现草畜平衡。补种的草地也能在冬季为家畜提供一定的饲料资源。”闫瑞瑞补充道。

"In addition, according to the actual situation of the herdsmen, we use animals to determine the grass. Some herdsmen have already raised so many livestock at home, so they need to calculate how much grassland they need. If the natural grassland is not enough, they have to replant a certain area of ​​artificial grassland. The purpose is also to achieve a balance between grass and livestock. The replanted grassland can also provide certain feed resources for livestock in winter.” Yan Ruirui added.

最后，她总结道：“草原既有生态功能，也有生产功能。草原不利用不行，过度利用也不行。草畜平衡就是把草和畜放在一个天平的两端，按照我们计算出的标准让这个天平平衡了，草原就能在保护生态的前提下可持续利用，更好地造福牧民的生活。”

In the end, she concluded: "Grassland has both ecological functions and productive functions. It is impossible to use grasslands if they are not used, and it is impossible to overuse them. The balance between grass and livestock is to put grass and livestock on the two ends of a scale, and let the grass and livestock be placed at the two ends of the scale according to the standard we calculated. If the balance is balanced, the grassland can be used sustainably on the premise of protecting the ecology, which will better benefit the lives of herdsmen."

记者听了她的实例讲解，理解了草畜平衡。但疑问也油然而生：“您出去跟牧民讲这些比较先进的理念的时候，他们是什么态度？”

The reporter listened to her example and understood the balance between grass and livestock. But the question also arises spontaneously: "When you go out to tell herders about these advanced concepts, what is their attitude?"

闫瑞瑞答道：“牧民说‘我们没有草呀，肯定就希望我们家有那么多草，多养畜，多挣钱增加收入嘛’。但后来国家和地方的政策支持上来了，牧民的意识也提高了，能接受我们这个地方标准。按照标准去执行之后，他们也意识到，并不是家畜养得越多收益越高。以我们固定监测的一个家庭牧场为例，他们合理地减少了家畜数量，使草场的产量和家畜的生产能力都提高了。而且，他养得少了，自身投入也就小了，就可以在保护生态的前提下发展一些旅游业，还可以从草原生态补奖政策中获益，这样整个家庭的收入都比以前有了很大的提高。从生态、生产、生活‘三生’的角度来说，这是一个良性的发展。”

Yan Ruirui replied: "The herdsmen said, 'We don't have grass, so we definitely hope we have so much grass, raise more animals, and earn more money to increase our income'. But then the national and local policy support came up, and the herdsmen's awareness also increased. It has improved and can accept our local standards. After implementing the standards, they also realized that it is not that the more livestock raised, the higher the income. Taking a family ranch we regularly monitor as an example, they reasonably reduced the number of livestock , so that the output of the pasture and the production capacity of livestock have been improved. Moreover, the less he raises, the less his own investment, he can develop some tourism on the premise of protecting the ecology, and can also benefit from the grassland ecological compensation policy. In this way, the income of the whole family has been greatly improved than before. From the perspective of ecology, production and life, this is a benign development.”

“要是没有生态补奖，牧民肯定要去多利用草场多养畜呀。但是国家给予了政策的支持，牧民的观念也就逐渐转变了。”闫瑞瑞说。

"If there is no ecological supplement award, herders must make more use of grassland to raise more livestock. However, the state has given policy support, and the concept of herders has gradually changed." Yan Ruirui said.

记者了解到，闫瑞瑞团队参与了当地草原生态补奖政策的制定。他们对草原的动态监测和对草原载畜量的测算为草原生态补奖政策提供了科学依据。

The reporter learned that Yan Ruirui's team participated in the formulation of the local grassland ecological compensation policy. Their dynamic monitoring of grassland and measurement of grassland carrying capacity provided a scientific basis for grassland ecological compensation policy.

草原生态补奖，促进了已垦草原退耕还草

Grassland Ecological Supplement Award Promotes Returning Farmland to Grassland in Reclaimed Grassland

7月22日，记者来到鄂温克族自治旗锡尼河东苏木布日都嘎查，了解当地退耕还草与草原生态补奖政策的实施情况。

On July 22nd, the reporter came to Sumuburidu Gacha, east of Sini River, Ewenki Autonomous Banner, to learn about the implementation of the local policy of returning farmland to grassland and grassland ecological compensation award.

鄂温克族自治旗林草局副局长苏立新介绍，该旗已垦草原是20世纪80年代开垦的，如今按照《草原法》规定，对水土流失严重、有沙化趋势、需要改善生态环境的已垦草原，进行有计划、有步骤地退耕还草。

Su Lixin, deputy director of the Forestry and Grass Bureau of the Ewenki Autonomous Banner, introduced that the reclaimed grasslands in this banner were reclaimed in the 1980s. Now, according to the "Grassland Law", reclaimed grasslands with serious soil erosion, desertification trends, and the need to improve the ecological environment have been reclaimed. Grassland, return farmland to grassland in a planned and step-by-step manner.

苏立新介绍：“我们今年的生态修复工作，从多个部门共抽调了400余人形成合力，对3400多块退耕还草地块，每天都进行巡护，圆满地完成了今年的修复任务。修复地块以种植苜蓿和燕麦草为主，目前苜蓿的保有量已达到22万亩，燕麦草的保有量达到24万亩。”

Su Lixin introduced: "In this year's ecological restoration work, we have dispatched more than 400 people from various departments to form a joint force, patrolling more than 3,400 plots of farmland and grassland every day, and successfully completed this year's restoration task. The plots are mainly planted with alfalfa and oat grass, and the amount of alfalfa has reached 220,000 mu, and the amount of oat grass has reached 240,000 mu.”

“已垦草原很大一部分是牧民承包经营的草场，还有一部分是集体的草场。”苏立新说，“草原生态补奖分为禁牧和草畜平衡。签订了承诺书的牧民，草场达到标准的话每年可享受国家给予的草原生态保护补助奖励。草原管护员、乡镇综合执法局和林草局下设的综合执法大队每年都对实施禁牧和草畜平衡的区域进行抽查，按照检查结果来发放补贴，如果有超载或是其他违法情况会进行处罚。2015—2020年，我们这禁牧面积总共是80万亩，每亩补贴13.75元，草畜平衡面积是1220万亩，每亩补贴4.58元。”

"A large part of the reclaimed grasslands are contracted and managed by herdsmen, and some are collective grasslands." Su Lixin said, "The grassland ecological compensation is divided into grazing prohibition and grass and animal balance. The herdsmen who signed the letter of commitment, the grassland reached According to the standard, they can enjoy the grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward given by the state every year. Grassland managers, township comprehensive law enforcement bureaus, and comprehensive law enforcement teams under the Forestry and Grassland Bureau conduct spot checks on areas where grazing prohibition and grass and livestock balance are implemented every year. As a result, subsidies will be issued, and penalties will be imposed if there is overloading or other illegal situations. From 2015 to 2020, our grazing prohibited area is 800,000 mu in total, with a subsidy of 13.75 yuan per mu, and the balance of grass and livestock is 12.2 million mu. The subsidy is 4.58 yuan.”

中央财政确定的禁牧补助标准为每亩7.5元、草畜平衡奖励标准为每亩2.5元。为保证草原禁牧措施落实到位，各地方可依据实际情况，差异化测算并制定禁牧补助和草畜平衡奖励标准。据苏立新介绍，鄂温克旗执行的是内蒙古自治区测算的补奖标准。“中央划定草原生态补奖每5年为一轮，现在是第三轮。中央也考虑到社会经济的发展，补奖资金一轮比一轮多了。”

The standard of grazing prohibition subsidy determined by the central finance is 7.5 yuan per mu, and the standard of reward for the balance of grass and livestock is 2.5 yuan per mu. In order to ensure that the grassland grazing prohibition measures are put in place, each locality can make differentiated calculations and formulate grazing prohibition subsidies and grass-animal balance reward standards according to the actual situation. According to Su Lixin, Ewenki Banner implements the compensation standard calculated by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. "The central government has designated the grassland ecological supplementary award as a round every five years, and now it is the third round. The central government also takes into account the development of the social economy, and the supplementary award funds are more than one round."

“经过退耕还草、生态修复以后，牧民的草场饲草品种好了，产量也提高了，对牧民牧业生产有很大帮助。所以现在牧民都能按照自己签订的承诺书履行责任。”苏立新说。

"After returning farmland to grassland and ecological restoration, the herdsmen's pastures and forage varieties have improved, and the yield has also increased, which is of great help to the herdsmen's animal husbandry production. So now the herdsmen can fulfill their responsibilities according to the letter of commitment they signed." Su Lixin said.

草原生态补奖，保障了牧民收入稳定

The Grassland Ecological Award ensures the stable income of herders

结束对苏立新的采访，记者走进旁边一户牧民家。这户人家的房子外墙刷着漂亮的湖蓝色，院里两个蒙古包旁停着面包车和几辆摩托车，院外摆放着好几台大型牧草机械。

After finishing the interview with Su Lixin, the reporter walked into a herdsman's house next to him. The exterior walls of this family's house are painted a beautiful lake blue. There are vans and several motorcycles parked beside the two yurts in the courtyard, and several large pasture machinery are placed outside the courtyard.

这家男主人巴拉布尔向记者介绍：“我家草场从我父亲那一代开始经营，面积3300多亩，是一个大草场。”果然，这是一个“大户人家”。

Barabur, the male owner, told reporters: "My pasture has been operated since my father's generation, covering an area of more than 3,300 acres. It is a large pasture." Sure enough, this is a "big family".

巴拉布尔介绍，他家草场禁牧面积1000多亩，草畜平衡面积2200多亩，即所有草场都申报了草原生态补奖。记者问他：“这对你们家的收入会有影响吗？”巴拉布尔答道：“禁牧收入还高呢，不禁牧打草一亩2块多，报禁牧一亩补助13块多。而且禁牧之后草场质量提高了，长出的草花样多。”

According to Baraboul, his pasture has an area of ​​more than 1,000 mu of grazing prohibition and an area of ​​2,200 mu of grass and livestock balance, that is, all pastures have applied for grassland ecological supplementary awards. The reporter asked him: "Will this affect your family's income?" Balabur replied: "The income from the prohibition of grazing is still high, and it is more than 2 yuan per acre for grazing, and more than 13 yuan per acre of grazing prohibition is reported. And after the grazing ban, the quality of the pasture has improved, and there are many kinds of grass growing."

问及牲畜养殖情况，巴拉布尔说，他家养了50多头牛、几百头羊，多了不敢养，因为禁牧5年之内不能放牧打草，牲畜养多了怕草不够。去年因为市场原因牲畜价格下降，但得益于草原生态补奖，他家并没遭受很大损失。前几年干旱草场收成不行，也多亏有补助才稳定了收入。这两年雨水好了，草长得高，收得多。他们一家五口一年收入有20多万元。

When asked about the livestock breeding situation, Barabul said that he raised more than 50 cattle and hundreds of sheep. Last year, the price of livestock dropped due to market reasons, but thanks to the grassland ecological compensation, his family did not suffer much loss. In the past few years, the harvest of the dry grassland was not good, and thanks to the subsidies, the income was stabilized. The rain has been good in the past two years, and the grass has grown taller and more harvested. Their family of five earns more than 200,000 yuan a year.

“这几年草原生态改善了。”巴拉布尔指着远处一片坡地说：“原来那一片全是白白的沙子，现在都种了松树啥的，很好的，也就用了两三年的时间。”记者看到他指的那片坡地，零星草皮下还能看出昔日白沙，绝大部分覆盖着深绿色的植被。

"The grassland ecology has improved in the past few years." Balabur pointed to a slope in the distance and said: "It used to be all white sand, but now pine trees are planted. It's very good, and it took two or three years. time.” The reporter saw the sloping land he was referring to, and the old white sand could still be seen under the sporadic turf, most of which were covered with dark green vegetation.

经过几天在呼伦贝尔的采访，记者看到了草原的丰美、植被的繁茂，从牧民口中得知，他们的生活越来越好。草原生态补奖政策，有效地促进了草原生态保护、农牧民生活改善、草牧业生产转型和可持续发展，是实现牧区生态生产生活“三生”共赢的重要举措，是人与自然和谐共生理念的生动实践，正在为实施乡村振兴战略和建设美丽中国作出积极贡献。（孔祥瑞）

After a few days of interviews in Hulunbuir, the reporter saw the beauty of the grasslands and the lush vegetation, and learned from the herdsmen that their lives are getting better and better. The grassland ecological compensation policy has effectively promoted the protection of grassland ecology, the improvement of farmers and herdsmen's life, the transformation and sustainable development of grass and animal husbandry production, and is an important measure to achieve a win-win situation for ecological production and life in pastoral areas. The vivid practice of the concept of harmonious coexistence is making positive contributions to the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy and the construction of a beautiful China. (Kong Xiangrui)