煤电“三改联动”正当时
The "three reforms and linkages" of coal and electricity are at the right time
核心阅读
Core reading
煤炭清洁高效利用是深入推进能源革命的重要一环。“双碳”目标下，我国进一步提出大力推动煤电节能降碳改造、灵活性改造、供热改造“三改联动”。煤电行业既要发挥兜底保障作用，又要不断提升清洁高效发展水平，“三改联动”是关键一步。
Clean and efficient use of coal is an important part of promoting the energy revolution. Under the "double carbon" goal, our country further proposes to promote the energy saving and carbon reducing reform, flexibility reform, heating reform "three reforms". The coal power industry should not only play a backstop role, but also continue to improve the level of clean and efficient development, "three reform" is a key step.
国家发改委、国家能源局印发的《全国煤电机组改造升级实施方案》，设置了煤电“三改联动”的时间表和路线图。目前，各地正多措并举，积极探索，推进煤电机组“三改联动”。
The National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration issued the Implementation Plan for the Transformation and Upgrading of Coal-fired Power Units, which set the timetable and road map for the "three reforms linkage" of coal and electricity. At present, all localities are taking multiple measures and actively exploring to promote the "three reforms and linkage" of coal-fired power units.
以占比不到五成的装机，生产了约六成的电量，支撑了超七成的高峰负荷需求——我国以煤为主的基本国情，决定了煤电在相当长时期内，仍将承担保障能源电力安全的重要作用。
With less than 50% of the installed capacity, it produces about 60% of the electricity and supports over 70% of the peak load demand. China's basic national conditions, which are dominated by coal, determine that coal-fired power will still play an important role in ensuring energy and power security for a long time.
煤电行业也是我国电力领域中二氧化碳排放的重点行业。“双碳”目标下，我国进一步提出推动煤电“三改联动”。煤电“三改联动”如果实施得当，将极大地助力新型电力系统的构建，推动能源清洁低碳转型。
Coal power industry is also the key industry of carbon dioxide emission in China's power field. Under the goal of "double carbon", China further proposes to promote the "three reforms linkage" of coal and electricity. If the "three-reform linkage" of coal and electricity is implemented properly, it will greatly help the construction of a new power system and promote the clean and low-carbon transformation of energy.
简单来说，“三改联动”就是针对煤电机组进行的三种技术改造：节能降碳改造是为了让煤电机组降低度电煤耗和二氧化碳排放；供热改造是为了让煤电机组能够承担更多的供热负荷，实现对低效率、高排放的分散小锅炉的替代；灵活性改造是为了让煤电机组进一步提升负荷调节能力，为新能源消纳释放更多的电量空间，并帮助电网安全稳定运行。
To put it simply, the "three-reform linkage" is three technical transformations for coal-fired power units: energy-saving and carbon-reducing transformation is to reduce coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of coal-fired power units; Heating transformation is to enable coal-fired power units to bear more heating load and realize the replacement of scattered small boilers with low efficiency and high emission; Flexibility transformation is to further improve the load regulation capacity of coal-fired power units, release more electricity space for new energy consumption, and help the safe and stable operation of the power grid.
根据《全国煤电机组改造升级实施方案》，“十四五”期间煤电节能降碳改造规模不低于3.5亿千瓦、供热改造规模力争达到5000万千瓦、灵活性改造完成2亿千瓦。
According to the "National Implementation Plan for Transformation and Upgrading of Coal-fired Power Units", during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, the scale of energy-saving and carbon-reducing transformation of coal-fired power shall not be less than 350 million kilowatts, the scale of heating transformation shall strive to reach 50 million kilowatts, and the flexible transformation shall be completed by 200 million kilowatts.
当前，煤电行业“三改联动”进展如何？正面临哪些挑战？记者进行了采访。
At present, what is the progress of the "three reforms linkage" in the coal-fired power industry? What challenges are we facing? The reporter conducted an interview.
进展——
Progress-
促进电力行业清洁低碳转型，助力“双碳”目标实现
Promote the clean and low-carbon transformation of the power industry and help achieve the goal of "double carbon"
在国家能源集团宁夏电力灵武电厂，工作人员正忙着检查供热首站热网循环泵运行参数，确保冬季供暖保障。这座电厂2015年起三次进行供热改造，现在不仅能发电，还具备超过6600万平方米的供热能力。
In Lingwu Power Plant of Ningxia Electric Power, National Energy Corporation, the staff are busy checking the operating parameters of the circulating pump in the heating network of the first heating station to ensure the heating guarantee in winter. This power plant has undergone heating renovation three times since 2015, and now it can not only generate electricity, but also have a heating capacity of over 66 million square meters.
“现在我们供热能够覆盖银川市近2/3的城区，替代了几百台分散燃煤小锅炉，每年减少燃煤量132万吨、减排二氧化碳200万吨。”灵武电厂党委书记、董事长吕国强告诉记者。
"Now our heating can cover nearly two-thirds of the urban areas of Yinchuan City, replacing hundreds of scattered coal-fired small boilers, reducing coal consumption by 1.32 million tons and reducing carbon dioxide by 2 million tons every year." Lu Guoqiang, Party Secretary and Chairman of Lingwu Power Plant, told reporters.
眼下，电厂的灵活性改造项目“飞轮储能+火电联合调频”也正加紧建设，预计年底正式接入运行。据介绍，项目能够显著提高火电机组调频能力，响应时间达毫秒级，帮助消纳不稳定的新能源。
At present, the flexible renovation project of the power plant, "Flywheel Energy Storage + Thermal Power Joint Frequency Modulation", is also stepping up construction and is expected to be officially put into operation by the end of the year. According to reports, the project can significantly improve the frequency modulation capability of thermal power units, with a response time of milliseconds, helping to absorb unstable new energy.
“风电、光伏发电具有随机性、间歇性的特点。一方面需要保持合理的煤电体量，确保无风无光时的电力供应；另一方面，在风电光伏发电高峰期间需要煤电压低发电出力，为风光发电让路，从而实现先立后破、有序替代。”电力规划设计总院院长杜忠明认为，大力推动煤电“三改联动”，不仅能推进煤电行业实现清洁高效、灵活低碳的高质量发展，还可以支撑新能源大规模开发和整个电力系统低碳转型。
"Wind power and photovoltaic power generation are random and intermittent. On the one hand, it is necessary to maintain a reasonable amount of coal electricity to ensure the power supply when there is no wind or light; On the other hand, during the peak period of wind power photovoltaic power generation, it is necessary to have low power generation output from coal voltage to make way for wind and solar power generation, so as to achieve first standing and then breaking and orderly substitution." Du Zhongming, president of the General Institute of Electric Power Planning and Design, believes that vigorously promoting the "three reforms linkage" of coal and electricity can not only promote the clean, efficient, flexible and low-carbon high-quality development of the coal and electricity industry, but also support the large-scale development of new energy and the low-carbon transformation of the whole power system.
当前全国具有灵活调节能力的电源不足20%。中国电力企业联合会专职副理事长夏忠介绍，尽管抽水蓄能、燃气发电、新型储能等都是提高电力系统调节能力的有效手段，但目前而言，以电化学储能为代表的储能技术受经济性、安全性等因素制约，增速受限；抽水蓄能受站址资源、建设周期较长等因素限制，规模短期内难以快速提升；气电受气源、气价限制，仅能因地制宜进行布置。因此，煤电灵活性改造是提高电力系统调节能力的现实选择。
At present, less than 20% of the power supply with flexible regulation capability in China. Xia Zhong, full-time vice chairman of China Electric Power Enterprise Federation, said that although pumped storage, gas power generation and new energy storage are all effective means to improve the regulation ability of power system, at present, the energy storage technology represented by electrochemical energy storage is restricted by economy, safety and other factors, and the growth rate is limited; Pumped storage is limited by factors such as station site resources and long construction period, and its scale is difficult to increase rapidly in the short term; Gas and electricity are limited by gas source and gas price, and can only be arranged according to local conditions. Therefore, the flexible transformation of coal-fired power is a realistic choice to improve the regulation ability of power system.
来自国家能源局的数据显示，截至2021年底，我国实现超低排放的煤电机组超过10亿千瓦、节能改造规模近9亿千瓦、灵活性改造规模超过1亿千瓦。“十三五”以来，我国煤电机组排放的烟尘、氮氧化物、二氧化硫等大气污染物不到全社会总量的10%，我国已建成全球最大的清洁煤电供应体系。
According to the data from the National Energy Administration, by the end of 2021, the ultra-low emission coal-fired power units in China had exceeded 1 billion kilowatts, the scale of energy-saving transformation was nearly 900 million kilowatts, and the scale of flexible transformation exceeded 100 million kilowatts. Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", the air pollutants such as soot, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide emitted by coal-fired power units in China have accounted for less than 10% of the total amount of the whole society, and China has built the world's largest clean coal-fired power supply system.
难点——
Difficulties-
投资能力不足、缺乏有效回报机制
Lack of investment ability and effective return mechanism
盘算煤电“三改联动”的“社会账”，保障电力安全稳定供应，提升清洁低碳、高效灵活发展能力，好处毋庸置疑。那么，对企业来说，考虑成本和收益的“经济账”又该怎么算？
The benefits of calculating the "social account" of the "three reforms" of coal and electricity, ensuring the safe and stable supply of electricity, and improving the capacity of clean, low-carbon, efficient and flexible development are beyond doubt. So what about the "economic account" of costs and benefits for companies?
杜忠明告诉记者，成本主要来自改造投资以及灵活性运行带来的相应损失。由于不同机组的具体条件千差万别、改造范围也不完全相同，投资差异较大，一般每千瓦投资在几十元到几百元。另外，煤电机组灵活性改造后，低负荷运行时机组能效下降、度电煤耗上升、燃料成本相应增加；低负荷运行也意味着相应时段的发电量下降，发电收益有所减少。
Du Zhongming told reporters that the cost mainly comes from the renovation investment and flexibility of the operation of the corresponding loss. As the specific conditions of different units vary greatly and the scope of transformation is not completely the same, the investment varies greatly, generally the investment per kilowatt is tens to hundreds of yuan. In addition, after the flexible transformation of the coal-fired power unit, the energy efficiency of the unit decreases, the coal consumption of kilowatt-hour electricity increases, and the fuel cost increases correspondingly. Low load operation also means that the corresponding period of power generation decreased, generating revenue reduced.
从收益来看，节能降碳改造能够降低机组运行的燃料成本，供热改造可以获得热力供应收益，部分地区对开展灵活性改造的机组给予辅助服务奖励，上述收益可以在一定程度上弥补改造投入。
From the income point of view, energy-saving and carbon-reducing transformation can reduce the fuel cost of unit operation, and heating transformation can obtain heat supply income. In some areas, auxiliary service rewards are given to units carrying out flexible transformation, and the above income can make up for the transformation investment to a certain extent.
安徽一家进行灵活性改造的电厂负责人给记者算了笔账：改造后机组的最小稳定出力，由原来的40%额定负荷降低至30%，2021年获得收益245.6万元。但降低额定负荷后，合计增加供电煤耗23.9克/千瓦时，当年增加燃煤成本约70万元；不仅如此，改造后由于设备增加，据测算每年会增加约269万元的维护、折旧等费用。
The person in charge of a power plant in Anhui province that carried out flexible transformation calculated an account to the reporter: after the transformation, the minimum stable output of the unit was reduced from 40% of the original rated load to 30%, and the income was 2.456 million yuan in 2021. However, after reducing the rated load, the total coal consumption of power supply will be increased by 23.9 g/KWH, and the coal cost will be increased by about 700,000 yuan in that year. Moreover, due to the increase of equipment after the renovation, it is estimated that maintenance, depreciation and other expenses will be increased by about 2.69 million yuan every year.
“考虑到接下来机组深度调峰时长的增加，改造项目前景还是有的。但目前来看，资金压力仍然较大，希望增加政策支持，提高调峰收益。”该负责人建议。
"Considering the increase of deep peak shaving time of units, there is still a prospect for the renovation project. However, at present, the financial pressure is still relatively large, and I hope to increase policy support and improve peak shaving income." The person in charge suggested.
采访中，不少专家和企业谈到，投资能力不足、缺乏有效回报机制，是当前实施“三改联动”面临的难点之一。
During the interview, many experts and enterprises talked about the lack of investment capacity and effective return mechanism, which is one of the difficulties in implementing the "three reforms linkage".
“供热改造有利于提高综合能效、拓展热力市场，发电企业积极性较高。但节能降碳改造、灵活性改造涉及技改投资、交易补偿，目前投入产出效益还不明显。”夏忠说，今年以来煤炭价格高位运行，不少煤电企业处于亏损状态；随着新能源装机占比的持续提升，煤电年利用小时数还会下降、收入还会减少。
"The heat supply transformation is conducive to improving comprehensive energy efficiency and expanding the heat market, and the power generation enterprises are highly motivated. However, energy conservation and carbon reduction and flexible transformation involve technological transformation investment and trading compensation, and the input-output benefits are not obvious at present." Xia Zhong said that since this year, coal prices are running at a high level, many coal power enterprises are in the red; As the installed proportion of new energy continues to increase, the annual utilization hours of coal electricity will decline and the income will decrease.
夏忠建议，进一步释放煤炭优质产能，抓好煤炭保供稳价工作，推进形成科学合理的电价、煤价形成机制，扭转发电企业大面积亏损局面，提升煤电企业“三改联动”的积极性。
Xia Zhong suggested further releasing high-quality coal production capacity, doing a good job in ensuring coal supply and stabilizing prices, promoting the formation of a scientific and reasonable electricity price and coal price formation mechanism, reversing the large-scale loss situation of power generation enterprises, and enhancing the enthusiasm of coal-fired power enterprises for "three reforms and linkage".
为解决资金问题，碳减排支持工具、支持煤炭清洁高效利用专项再贷款等陆续推出。《全国煤电机组改造升级实施方案》也提出，加大财政、金融等方面支持力度。“一系列金融支持政策，有利于提高煤电企业改造升级的积极性，但未来仍需在财政、价格等方面进一步健全完善相关机制。”杜忠明说。
In order to solve the funding problem, carbon reduction support tools and special re-loans to support the clean and efficient use of coal have been rolled out. The National Implementation Plan for the Renovation and Upgrading of Coal Power Units also proposes to increase fiscal and financial support. "A series of financial support policies are conducive to improving the enthusiasm of coal and power enterprises to reform and upgrade, but in the future, there is still a need to further improve the relevant mechanisms in terms of finance and prices." Du Zhongming said.
解题——
Solving problems-
坚守能源电力安全稳定供应底线，合理把握改造节奏
Adhere to the bottom line of safe and stable supply of energy and power, and reasonably grasp the pace of transformation
当前，不少地方正在积极推进煤电机组“三改联动”。山西提出，推动现役煤电机组“三改联动”，实现基础性和系统调节性电源并重。河南提出，通过完善煤电调峰收益机制、支持煤电企业积极争取专项再贷款等政策举措，化解煤电企业经营资金压力，兼顾安全、技术和经济目标，统筹推动煤电企业“三改联动”。
At present, many places are actively promoting the "three reform linkage" of coal power units. Shanxi proposed to promote the "linkage of three reforms" of existing coal power units, and realize the basic and system regulatory power supply equal importance. Henan proposed to relieve the operating capital pressure of coal power enterprises by improving the peaking profit mechanism of coal power enterprises, supporting coal power enterprises to actively strive for special re-loans and other policies and measures, taking into account the safety, technical and economic objectives, and promoting the "linkage of three reforms" of coal power enterprises in a coordinated way.
国家能源局有关负责人介绍，按照“十四五”时期煤电“三改联动”的目标测算，可带动有效投资约1000亿元，节约煤炭消费5000万吨以上，提升新能源消纳能力5000万千瓦以上。
The relevant person in charge of the National Energy Administration introduced that, according to the "14th Five-Year Plan" period of coal and electricity "three reform linkage" goal, can drive effective investment of about 100 billion yuan, save coal consumption of more than 50 million tons, improve new energy consumption capacity of more than 50 million kilowatts.
“除了需要解决资金方面的困难外，还要加强研发新装备、新技术。当前部分改造技术尤其灵活性改造技术仍处于发展阶段，部分机组难以确定经济适用的改造方案，且安全运行面临一定风险，要统筹考虑技术的可行性、经济性和运行安全性。”杜忠明说。
"In addition to financial difficulties, we need to strengthen research and development of new equipment and technology. At present, some of the modification technologies, especially the flexible modification technologies, are still in the development stage, and it is difficult to determine the economical and suitable modification schemes for some units, and the safe operation faces certain risks. Therefore, the feasibility, economy and operation safety of the technology should be taken into consideration comprehensively." Du Zhongming said.
“煤电仍是近中期电力系统灵活性和发电量的第一大支撑电源，需要正确认识‘双碳’目标下煤电的兜底保供、系统调节等价值，发挥好煤电的‘压舱石’作用。”夏忠建议，各地区要坚守能源电力安全稳定供应底线，根据电力供需形势，有序安排煤电机组停机改造窗口，防止因改造影响电力安全稳定供应；在推进煤电机组改造升级过程中，要统筹考虑机组的技术特性，因地制宜、因厂施策、一机一策，避免“一刀切”和层层加码；此外，依据节能改造进程，可以适时修订相关标准，提升节能标准约束力。
"Coal power is still the most important support power source for the flexibility and power generation in the near and medium term. It is necessary to correctly understand the value of coal power supply guarantee and system adjustment under the goal of 'double carbon', and give full play to the role of coal power as' ballast stone '." Xia suggested that all regions should stick to the bottom line of safe and stable supply of energy and electricity, according to the situation of power supply and demand, orderly arrangement of coal power unit shutdown and transformation window, to prevent the transformation of power safety and stable supply. In the process of upgrading coal-fired power units, it is necessary to take into account the technical characteristics of the units as a whole, adopt policies based on local conditions, and adopt policies based on the plant, so as to avoid "one-size-fits-all" and layer upon layer. In addition, according to the process of energy saving transformation, relevant standards can be timely revised to improve the binding force of energy saving standards.
