电门、刹车全部失效，看特斯拉车主该如何维权？

The switches and brakes are all out of order. How should Tesla owners defend their rights?

案例背景：

Case background:

根据中国汽车工业协会近日发布数据显示，2021年国内新能源车渗透率快速提升，2021年1-12月国内新能源车累计渗透率达到13.4%，其中12月份渗透率达到18.6%，相对2020年5.4%的渗透率提升明显，新能源汽车呈现出快速发展的态势。另据数据统计，2021年1至9月，全球电动汽车销量达292万辆，较去年同期上涨153%；其中插电式混合动力车售出128万辆，同比上涨135%。按车企维度统计数据来看，特斯拉市占率最高，达21.5%；但与此同时，在过去一年中曝出了多起特斯拉model系列车型发生事故的案例，也引起了广泛关注。

According to the data recently released by China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the penetration rate of new energy vehicles in China will increase rapidly in 2021. From January to December 2021, the cumulative penetration rate of new energy vehicles in China will reach 13.4%, of which the penetration rate in December will reach 18.6%, which is significantly higher than the penetration rate of 5.4% in 2020. New energy vehicles show a rapid development trend. According to statistics, from January to September 2021, the global sales of electric vehicles reached 2.92 million, up 153% from the same period last year. Among them, 1.28 million plug-in hybrid vehicles were sold, up 135% year-on-year. According to the statistics of the dimension of car enterprises, Tesla has the highest market share, reaching 21.5%; At the same time, however, in the past year, many cases of accidents of Tesla model series models have been exposed, which also caused widespread concern.

案件经过：

Case process:

韩某和特斯拉公司在2019年签订了一份《二手车订购协议》，购入一辆model S二手车，在2019年5月付款379700元人民币。并在当年6月份完成了过户手续。买车前，特斯拉公司承诺其销售的二手车经过二百多道工序的车辆检测，车况良好、无结构性损伤，使用在五年以下且总行驶里程不超过八万公里等。韩某购入两个多月内，前后维修了7次。据判决书中写道，在2019年8月，韩某在驾驶过程中车辆突然瘫痪——电门、刹车全部失效。差点造成重大交通事故，于是韩某找鉴定公司鉴定车况。2019年11月，鉴定结果显示该车有结构性损伤，是事故车。韩某随即向北京市大兴人民法院提起了诉讼。

Han and Tesla signed a Used Car Ordering Agreement in 2019, purchased a model S used car and paid 379,700 RMB in May 2019. And completed the transfer procedures in June of that year. Before buying a car, Tesla promised that the used cars it sold had passed the vehicle inspection of more than 200 processes, were in good condition, had no structural damage, had been used for less than five years and had a total mileage of less than 80,000 kilometers. Han bought it for more than two months and repaired it seven times before and after. According to the judgment, in August 2019, Han's vehicle suddenly collapsed during driving-all switches and brakes failed. Almost caused a major traffic accident, so Han went to an appraisal company to identify the car condition. In November 2019, the appraisal results showed that the car had structural damage and was an accident car. Han immediately filed a lawsuit with Beijing Daxing People's Court.

韩某的诉讼请求有以下几条：撤销《二手车订购协议》，返还购车款379700元人民币；赔偿三倍购车款1139100元人民币；由特斯拉公司支付鉴定费6000元人民币、公证费905元人民币以及全部诉讼费用。

Han's claims are as follows: Cancel the Used Car Ordering Agreement and return the purchase price of 379,700 RMB; Compensation for three times the purchase price of 1,139,100 yuan; Tesla will pay an appraisal fee of 6,000 yuan, a notary fee of 905 yuan and all litigation costs.

一审法院经审理认为，特斯拉确实存在欺诈，依据相关法律法规，应当退一赔三，向韩某共计退赔151.88万元人民币。法院于2021年9月二审判决驳回特斯拉上诉，维持原判。

The court of first instance held that Tesla did have fraud, and according to relevant laws and regulations, it should refund one for three, and compensate Han for a total of 1,518,800 yuan. In September 2021, the court rejected Tesla's appeal in the second instance and upheld the original judgment.

2021年9月，已经维权755个日夜的前特斯拉车主韩某，兴奋地发一条微博说：“我胜诉了！”

In September 2021, Han Mou, a former Tesla owner who had defended his rights for 755 days and nights, excitedly sent a Weibo saying, "I won the case!"

律师分析：

Lawyer analysis:

如果有消费者和韩某一样遭受了欺诈，想维权，该如何认定商家有欺诈行为呢？

If a consumer suffers from fraud like Han, and wants to defend his rights, how can he determine that the merchant has committed fraud?

首先，我们要知道什么是民法上的欺诈。民法上的欺诈，是指一方当事人故意告知对方虚假情况，或者故意隐瞒真实情况，就像本案中特斯拉公司一样，“我这车没有发生过任何事故，也没有任何结构性损伤，赶紧买”诱使对方当事人做出错误判断，这就是受到了欺诈。简单来说就是他事前承诺的实际上不一样。

First of all, we need to know what is fraud in civil law. Fraud in civil law means that one party deliberately tells the other party false information or deliberately conceals the real situation. Just like Tesla Company in this case, "I haven't had any accident in this car, and there is no structural damage, so buy it quickly" to induce the other party to make a wrong judgment, which is fraud. Simply put, what he promised in advance is actually different.

结合本案案情，双方的争议焦点也主要是，特斯拉公司售前承诺的“没有发生重大事故或者是火烧、水泡车，也不存在结构性损伤”到底是不是真的。但是，除了是否为火烧、水泡车能做出客观判断以外，“重大事故”、“结构性损伤”的界定并没有统一的标准，双方也是争执不下。所以法院认为，特斯拉公司作为专业汽车制造和销售企业，在向消费者出售官方认证二手车的时候，应当依据诚实信用原则，对交易车辆的状况尤其是曾经的事故和维修情况在合理范围内尽可能做出具体详细的说明，否则在双方对相关用语发生不同理解，还缺乏客观权威认定标准的时候，应当做出对特斯拉公司不利的解释。

Combined with the case of this case, the focus of dispute between the two parties is mainly whether Tesla's pre-sale promise that "there is no major accident or fire, blisters or structural damage" is true or not. However, there is no uniform standard for the definition of "major accident" and "structural damage", except whether or not an objective judgment can be made for burning or blistering cars, and both sides are also at loggerheads. Therefore, the court held that Tesla Corporation, as a professional automobile manufacturing and sales enterprise, should, in accordance with the principle of good faith, make specific and detailed explanations on the condition of the traded vehicles, especially the past accidents and repairs, as far as possible within a reasonable range when selling officially certified used cars to consumers. Otherwise, when both parties have different understandings of relevant terms and lack objective authoritative identification standards, they should make unfavorable explanations to Tesla Corporation.

而且，在双方对涉案车辆是否因为事故发生结构性损伤存在分歧的情况下，特斯拉公司提交的证据也不足以证明其主张。另外，从特斯拉公司提交的涉案车辆维修照片看，涉案车辆的维修确实涉及到大面积切割、焊接等，这种修理方式和程度必然对消费者的购车意愿产生重要影响，而特斯拉公司仅仅告知韩某“车辆不存在结构性损伤”，不足以达到应有的信息披露程度。

Moreover, the evidence submitted by Tesla Company is not enough to prove its claim when both parties disagree on whether the vehicle involved has structural damage due to the accident. In addition, from the photos of vehicle maintenance submitted by Tesla Company, the maintenance of the vehicle involved does involve large-scale cutting and welding, etc. This kind of repair method and degree will inevitably have an important impact on consumers' willingness to buy a car, while Tesla Company only told Han that "there is no structural damage to the vehicle", which is not enough to achieve the required information disclosure.

因此不论从积极的作为还是消极的不作为来说，特斯拉公司都有具体的欺诈行为，该欺诈行为使得韩某陷入车况良好的错误认识，并且韩某基于错误认识做出了购买涉案车辆的意思表示。综合本案事实可知，特斯拉公司作为专业汽车制造和销售企业，对涉案车辆所发生的事故以及维修情况是知晓或者应当知晓的，它具备欺诈的主观条件。所以，特斯拉公司构成民事上的欺诈。

Therefore, no matter from positive actions or negative inaction, Tesla Company has specific fraud, which makes Han fall into the wrong idea of good car condition, and based on the wrong idea, Han made the intention to buy the vehicle involved. According to the facts of this case, Tesla Company, as a professional automobile manufacturing and sales enterprise, knows or should know about the accidents and maintenance of the vehicles involved, and it has subjective conditions for fraud. Therefore, Tesla Company constitutes a civil fraud.

如果我们碰到类似的情况，也可以去做这样的简单分析，来判断自己是否被欺诈了。

If we encounter a similar situation, we can also do such a simple analysis to determine whether we have been cheated.

既然商家已经构成民法上的欺诈，那消费者的索赔范围有多大呢？

Since businesses have constituted fraud in civil law, what is the scope of consumers' claims?

根据《消费者权益保护法》第55条第1款：经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，应当按照消费者的要求增加赔偿其受到的损失，增加赔偿的金额为消费者购买商品的价款或者接受服务的费用的三倍；增加赔偿的金额不足五百元的，为五百元。结合本案，法院也支持了韩某要求特斯拉公司赔偿三倍购车款的请求，也就是1139100元人民币。

According to Article 55, paragraph 1, of the Consumer Protection Law, if an operator commits fraud in providing goods or services, he shall increase the compensation for the losses suffered by the operator according to the requirements of the consumer, and the amount of compensation shall be three times of the price of the goods purchased by the consumer or the cost of receiving services; If the increased compensation amount is less than 500 yuan, it will be 500 yuan. In combination with this case, the court also supported Han's request for Tesla to compensate three times the purchase price, that is, 1,139,100 yuan.

另外，依据相关规定，在欺诈的情况下订立的合同是可以撤销的。所以，法院判决撤销他们当时双方签订的《二手车订购协议》，特斯拉公司因为这个合同取得的财产，也就是购车款379700元人民币，应当返还。

In addition, according to relevant regulations, contracts concluded under fraudulent circumstances can be revoked. Therefore, the court ruled to revoke the Used Car Ordering Agreement signed by both parties at that time. The property acquired by Tesla Company because of this contract, that is, the purchase price of 379,700 RMB, should be returned.

如果遭受欺诈，消费者有哪些维权途径呢？

What are the ways for consumers to defend their rights if they are cheated?

首先可以先和商家进行协商沟通，协商不成，可以向网购平台、消协或者依法成立的其他调解组织投诉，消协了解情况后，一般会对产生争议的消费者和商家进行说服劝导、沟通调解，以促使双方达成和解。当然，调解并不是解决消费者权益争议的必经程序。消费者还可以向相关行政部门申诉，让行政部门帮助维权。比如工商局、食品药品监督局等等。如果通过以上方式无法解决，那么可以像韩某一样去法院提起诉讼。

First of all, you can negotiate and communicate with the merchants. If the negotiation fails, you can complain to the online shopping platform, the Consumers Association or other mediation organizations established according to law. After the Consumers Association knows the situation, it will generally persuade, persuade, communicate and mediate the consumers and merchants who have disputes, so as to urge both parties to reach a settlement. Of course, mediation is not a necessary procedure to resolve disputes over consumer rights. Consumers can also appeal to the relevant administrative departments and ask them to help safeguard their rights. For example, Industry and Commerce Bureau, Food and Drug Administration and so on. If it can't be solved by the above methods, you can go to court to file a lawsuit like Han.

消费者维权不易，而3月15日——国际消费者权益日，就是为了保护消费者权益，提高消费者的维权意识和维权能力应运而生的。侯律师谈到，很多人只有在3月15日这一天才会增强自己的维权意识。大多时候，面对不公待遇，我们的维权意识比较淡薄，也许因为标的额太小，觉得不值得折腾；也许虽然涉案金额较大，但需要花费大量的时间、金钱还要等一个不确定的结果，而最终放弃。

It is not easy for consumers to defend their rights, and March 15th, the International Consumer Rights Day, came into being just to protect consumers' rights and improve their awareness and ability to defend their rights. Lawyer Hou said that many people will only enhance their awareness of rights protection on March 15th. Most of the time, in the face of unfair treatment, our awareness of rights protection is relatively weak, perhaps because the target amount is too small, it is not worth tossing about; Although the amount involved may be large, it will take a lot of time and money to wait for an uncertain result, and finally give up.

但消费者维权意识的增强是各行各业积极发展的关键动因，安全放心的消费环境需要我们每个消费者的助力，消费者每一次的容忍与退让，就是在无形中助长了黑暗与邪恶。而作为商家应遵纪守法，以健康的心态看待消费者的合理维权。

However, the enhancement of consumers' awareness of rights protection is the key motivation for the active development of all walks of life. A safe and secure consumer environment needs the help of every consumer. Every time consumers tolerate and give in, it is virtually contributing to darkness and evil. As a business, we should abide by the law and treat consumers' reasonable rights protection with a healthy attitude.

律师介绍：

Lawyer introduction:

侯朝辉：北京市京师（上海）律师事务所律师；互联网知名法律博主

Hou Zhaohui: lawyer of Beijing Jingshi (Shanghai) Law Firm; Well-known Internet legal bloggers