山东东营：走出一条爱鸟护鸟的自然教育新路

Dongying, Shandong: A new way of nature education on bird love and protection

黄河口白鹤飞舞 黄高潮摄

Dongying, Shandong: A new way of nature education on bird love and protection

在众多湿地类型中，滨海湿地的地位特殊而又至关重要。

Among many wetland types, coastal wetland plays a special and crucial role.

它是陆地生态系统和海洋生态系统的交错过渡地带，地处我国人口最稠密、经济最发达的东部沿海地区，既是数亿人口坚实的生态屏障，也是万千野生动植物赖以生存的家园。它提供的维持生物多样性、截留吸收营养物质、保护海岸线和调节区域气候等生态系统服务价值远高于相同面积的内陆生态系统。

It is a transitional zone between terrestrial ecosystem and Marine ecosystem. It is located in the most densely populated and economically developed eastern coastal area of China. It is not only a solid ecological barrier for hundreds of millions of people, but also a home for thousands of wild animals and plants. The value of ecosystem services it provides, such as maintaining biodiversity, trapping and absorbing nutrients, protecting shorelines and regulating regional climate, is much higher than that of inland ecosystems of the same area.

九曲黄河，蜿蜒万里，从青藏高原一路闯关夺隘，在山东东营汇入茫茫大海，形成了面积辽阔的生态家园——黄河三角洲，它吸引了600万只鸟儿来此停歇、繁衍和越冬。

The winding Yellow River, winding thousands of miles from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, enters the vast sea in Dongying, Shandong Province, forming a vast ecological homeland -- the Yellow River Delta, which attracts 6 million birds to rest, breed and winter here.

自1997年参加工作以来，东营市观鸟协会秘书长单凯始终在黄河三角洲从事鸟类保护与湿地生态系统研究工作。让更多市民认识鸟类、爱上鸟类、保护鸟类和湿地生态环境是他最大的心愿。

Shan Kai, secretary-general of the Dongying Bird Watching Association, has been working on bird protection and wetland ecosystem research in the Yellow River Delta since 1997. His greatest wish is to let more people know birds, love birds, and protect birds and wetland ecological environment.

自然像一面镜子 能看清人类自己

Nature is like a mirror in which we can see ourselves

评价一座城市环境好，人们经常会用“花香鸟语”来形容。“花香”可以营造，“鸟语”却未必能轻易引来，要想留住鸟儿最终靠的还是原真的自然环境。环境好不好，生态优不优，鸟类往往比人类更有发言权。

When evaluating a city's good environment, people often use the phrase "fragrance of flowers and birdsong" to describe it. "Floral fragrance" can build, "birdtalk" may not be able to draw easily however, what want to keep a bird depends on finally is original true natural environment. Birds often have a better say than humans in whether the environment is good or not.

位于东营的黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区总面积1530平方公里，是我国暖温带最年轻、最完整的湿地生态系统。“这片湿地是东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞区的咽喉要道，更是名副其实的候鸟‘国际机场’，南来北往的‘客人’中有东方白鹳、黑嘴鸥、白鹤、丹顶鹤、大天鹅等60余种国家重点保护野生动物。”单凯自豪地说。

With a total area of 1,530 square kilometers, the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve in Dongying is the youngest and most complete wetland ecosystem in China's warm temperate zone. "This wetland is the key point of the east Asia-Australia-Asia migratory bird migration zone, and is truly the 'international airport' of migratory birds. Among the 'guests' from south to north, there are Oriental stork, black-billed gulls, white cranes, red-crowned cranes, whooper swans and more than 60 species of wildlife under state protection." Shan kai said proudly.

20世纪90年代末，单凯来到保护区工作，凭借扎实的专业功底，他多次负责媒体、专家学者来访的讲解和向导工作。“在这个过程中我开始思考，这么多人长途跋涉来看鸟，我们守着家门口这么好的自然环境，为何不能让更多的市民走进自然、享受自然呢？”单凯说。

In the late 1990s, Shan came to work in the reserve. With his solid professional foundation, he was responsible for explaining and guiding media, experts and scholars' visits for many times. "In this process, I began to think that so many people travel long distances to see birds, and we guard such a good natural environment on our doorstep, why can't more citizens walk into nature and enjoy it?" ChanKai said.

这个偶然间萌发的灵感，指引单凯走向了观鸟护鸟、普及湿地教育的志愿之路。2004年，单凯和保护区同事、当地热心媒体人共同发起成立了东营市观鸟协会。

This accidental inspiration led Shan Kai to the path of voluntary bird watching, bird protection and popularization of wetland education. Shan, along with colleagues at the reserve and local media enthusiasts, founded the Dongying Birdwatching Association in 2004.

只有了解，才能更好地保护。协会成立之初，观鸟这项带有科普性质的户外运动在我国还很小众，东营当地的鸟种记录仅270余种，只依靠少量科研人员必然会存在大量的监测空白。把东营市的观鸟爱好者都组织起来，推广观鸟活动，摸清黄河三角洲的鸟类“家底”，是协会成立初期的一项重要工作。

Only by understanding can we better protect. At the beginning of the establishment of the Association, bird-watching, an outdoor sport with the nature of popular science, was still very small in China. Only 270 bird species were recorded in Dongying, and a large number of monitoring gaps were bound to exist depending on a small number of researchers. It was an important work in the early days of the association to organize all bird-watching enthusiasts in Dongying city to promote bird-watching activities and find out the "family background" of birds in the Yellow River Delta.

近年来，单凯作为主编或主创人员先后出版了《黄河三角洲鸟类》《黄河口野鸟识别》《黄河口观鸟指南》等多部鸟类科普书籍，详细介绍了当地鸟类的野外特征、生态习性、识别要点等信息，并提出开展观鸟活动的思路和方法，为开展观鸟为主题的科普教育活动提供指南。

In recent years, ChanKai as editor or creative staff has published "the Yellow River delta birds" the wild river estuary recognition "guides river estuary" and so on a number of birds, popular science books, introduces in detail the field characteristics, the ecological habit of birds of the local, the main points of identification information, and put forward the ideas and methods of bird watching activity, To provide guidelines for carrying out popular science education activities with the theme of bird watching.

在观鸟爱好者们的共同努力下，截至目前，观鸟协会记录到的新鸟种超过120种，其中30余种为山东省新记录。协会摸清了东营鸟类资源的种群、数量及分布情况，建立了东营的鸟类数据库，为开展湿地自然教育打下了坚实基础。

Thanks to the joint efforts of birding enthusiasts, the birding society has so far recorded more than 120 new bird species, more than 30 of which are new records in Shandong province. The association found out the population, quantity and distribution of bird resources in Dongying, and established a bird database in Dongying, which laid a solid foundation for carrying out wetland natural education.

随着观鸟运动的推广，观鸟协会科普教育活动的频次不断增加、规模不断扩大。自2013年开始，协会在原有“爱鸟周”活动的基础上，逐步利用“世界野生动植物日”“世界湿地日”“世界地球日”“国际生物多样性日”等节点，在校园、公园和社区等地开展科普展览和爱鸟讲座，近年来年均参与人数超过4万人次。

With the promotion of bird-watching, the frequency and scale of popular science education activities of bird-watching associations are increasing. Since 2013, the association on the basis of the original "bird week" activities, gradually using the "world wildlife," "world wetlands day" "world earth day" "international biodiversity day" and so on the node, in places such as schools, parks and communities to carry out the popular science exhibition and bird's lecture, more than 40000, annual turnout in recent years.

“观鸟就是观自然，而自然就像一面镜子，让我们从中看到了人类自己，看到了人类对待自然的态度和方式。人们能够通过观鸟净化心灵、陶冶情操，从关注鸟类、尊重生命到敬畏自然、保护环境。”单凯说。

"Bird-watching is looking at nature, and nature is like a mirror in which we can see ourselves, our attitudes and ways towards nature. People can purify their minds and cultivate their moral values through bird-watching, from caring about birds and respecting life to fearing nature and protecting the environment." ChanKai said.

观鸟活动 单凯供图

Photo of bird watching program

让鸟儿“飞”进校园“留”在校园

Let the birds "fly" into the campus "stay"

我们的未来，取决于为未来而做的教育。单凯始终认为，在与自然隔阂日深的现代城市中，引导成长中的青年一代重建与自然的联系，唤醒他们与自然的共情非常重要。

Our future depends on education for our future. Shan Kai always believes that it is very important to guide the growing young generation to rebuild their connection with nature and awaken their empathy with nature in a modern city where estrangement from nature is getting deeper and deeper

从2006年开始，协会就在垦利县黄河口镇中学举办了校园鸟类科普讲座。在走进中小学开展科普讲座的过程中，单凯也在思考：一场讲座能覆盖的人数有限，一场讲座种下的种子若没有持续的滋润未必能萌发。

Since 2006, the association has held lectures on birds at huanghekou Middle School in Kenli County. In the process of carrying out popular science lectures in primary and secondary schools, Shan Kai was also thinking: a lecture can cover only a limited number of people, and the seeds planted by a lecture may not germinate without continuous nourishment.

鸟儿“飞”进校园容易，如何才能长久地“留”在校园里？

It is easy for birds to fly into campus. How can they stay there for a long time?

2016年1月，东营市育才学校获得了“全国未成年人生态道德教育示范学校”称号，这是当年山东省唯一获此殊荣的学校。单凯和同伴们受此启发，积极融入东营市关心下一代工作委员会未成年人思想道德教育工作中。

In January 2016, Dongying Yucai School was awarded the title of "National Ecological Moral Education Model School for Minors", which was the only school in Shandong province that won the title. Inspired by this, Shan kai and his peers actively participated in the ideological and moral education of minors of Dongying Working Committee of Caring for the Next Generation.

针对中小学校普遍缺乏生态道德教育实践经验、师资力量匮乏现状，在单凯等人的推动和政府的支持下，2017年5月，东营市观鸟协会开展了东营市未成年人生态道德教育辅导员培训班，对全市60多名中小学教师进行了培训，并在19所中小学建立了未成年人生态道德教育实践基地。

In view of the lack of practical experience in ecological moral education and the lack of teachers in primary and secondary schools, promoted by Shan Kai and others and supported by the government, in May 2017, Dongying Bird Watching Association launched a training course for ecological moral education instructors for minors in Dongying, which trained more than 60 primary and secondary school teachers in the city. And in 19 primary and secondary schools to establish minors ecological moral education practice base.

为了将湿地保护宣传教育活动与学校教学工作有机结合起来，东营市观鸟协会提出了“建设湿地学校，守护湿地城市”的目标。2019年5月，东营市多部门联合下发了《关于开展“湿地学校”建设的通知》，要求各学校配套软硬件建设，创新活动载体，开展湿地科普教学活动。

In order to combine wetland protection publicity and education activities with school teaching work, Dongying Bird Watching Association proposed the goal of "building wetland school, protecting wetland city". In May 2019, multiple departments of Dongying jointly issued a Notice on the Construction of "Wetland Schools", requiring schools to build supporting hardware and software, innovate activity carriers, and carry out wetland science popularization teaching activities.

2020年，由单凯参与编写的未成年人生态道德教材《美丽家乡——黄河口》出版发行。这本教材共编排16课时，通过图文并茂的方式介绍了黄河口的生态特色和相关的生态知识，已推广到全市数十所中小学使用。

In 2020, "Beautiful Hometown -- Yellow River Estuary", an ecological morality textbook for minors, was published. The textbook, with 16 class hours in total, introduces the ecological characteristics and relevant ecological knowledge of the Yellow River estuary with pictures and pictures, which has been promoted to dozens of primary and secondary schools in the city.

“有了专业的师资、专门的教材，湿地保护的科普教育从过去的体验式教学变成了学校的一门必修课，教育成效远超过去。”但单凯还不满足于科普教育仅仅停留在课本上、幻灯片上。他和协会成员共同研发了野外观鸟、笔记大自然、鸟类迁徙游戏、东方白鹳科考等研学精品课程，带领广大学生在自然中收获感动。

"With professional teachers and special textbooks, popular science education on wetland protection has changed from experiential teaching to a required course in schools, and the educational results are far better than before." But Shan is not satisfied with science education just staying in textbooks and slides. He and members of the association jointly developed excellent courses of research, such as field bird-watching, nature notes, bird migration games, Oriental white stork scientific examination, and led students to harvest touching feelings in nature.

“梁上有双燕,翩翩雄与雌。”在城中筑巢繁衍的家燕是人们熟悉又有亲近感的鸟类，但随着城市快速发展，许多燕子无法找到合适巢址，面临生存危机。

"There are two swallows on the beam, male and female." The house swallows that nest and breed in cities are familiar and close to people. However, with the rapid development of cities, many swallows cannot find suitable nesting sites and face a survival crisis.

2017年，单凯指导东营市胜利第四中学和东营市实验中学学生进行燕子调查活动，了解燕子活动、繁殖以及巢址分布情况，亲身体悟人类活动对自然环境的影响。参与项目的张清泽、单思哲和张清云3名学生登上2017年“联合国中国青少年环境论坛”介绍调查成果，并获得了“优胜”证书。

In 2017, Shan guided students from Shengli No. 4 Middle School and Dongying Experimental Middle School to conduct a swallow survey to learn about the movement, breeding and nesting site distribution of swallows, and to experience the impact of human activities on the natural environment. Three students, Zhang Qingze, Shan Sizhe and Zhang Qingyun, presented their findings at the 2017 United Nations Environment Forum for Youth in China and received the certificate of excellence.

这个获奖消息在当地很是轰动，大大激发了孩子们参与生态保护实践的热情。在燕子调查基础上，这几年新推出了“爱燕之家”“让燕子住我家”等2.0版，同学们亲手组装人工巢托，解决家燕筑巢难的问题。

The news of the award caused a stir in the local community and greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the children to participate in ecological protection practice. Based on the survey of swallows, in recent years, we have launched the 2.0 version of "Swallows Love Home" and "Let swallows live in my house". Students have assembled artificial nest holders by hand to solve the problem of nesting for house swallows

单凯相信，好的教育必须要建立信心，在实践中收获保护自然的成就感。“当新生的小燕子破壳而出，孩子们知道自己付出的努力可以为自然带来改变，那颗种子才算真正发芽了。”

Shan believes that good education must build confidence and gain a sense of accomplishment in protecting nature through practice. "When the newborn swallows come out of their shells and the children know that their efforts can make a difference to nature, the seed will really germinate."

让爱鸟护鸟成为全民共识

Let the love and protection of birds become a national consensus

2022年5月20日傍晚，行走在东营市北郊六干苗圃一带，能看到树干上筑满了白鹭、池鹭、夜鹭的鸟巢。此时正值鸟类的繁殖季，天空中随处可见鹭鸟忙碌翻飞的身影。这幅美丽的生态画卷来之不易。

On the evening of May 20, 2022, walking around the Liugan Nursery in the northern suburb of Dongying city, people can see the nests of egrets, pond herons and night herons built on the tree trunks. This is the breeding season of birds, the sky can be seen everywhere egrets busy flying figure. This beautiful ecological picture has not come easily.

把时间的指针拨回到2012年，那时东营市规划中的德州路东延项目将穿过苗圃，如果开工势必会把这片鸟类栖息地破坏殆尽。单凯和协会成员们得知这一消息后立刻向有关部门多次交涉，并向政府递交了《关于保护六干苗圃白鹭繁殖地,调整金湖银河工程施工规划的请求》。

Turn the clock back to 2012, when dongying's planned Dezhou Road East extension project will cut through the nursery, destroying the bird habitat if it goes ahead. After learning this news, Shan Kai and the members of the association immediately made several representations to the relevant departments, and submitted to the government the Request for protecting the breeding ground of Egrets in Liugan Nursery and adjusting the Construction planning of Jinhu Galaxy Project.

收到信息后，东营市政府高度重视，提出“要确保鸟类栖息地得到有效保护”的要求,并将此处命名为“白鹭园湿地”。至此，这片鸟类的繁殖地得以保留，道路项目向北多绕了200多米,投资增加5000万元。“坚持生态优先、绿色发展已成为社会共识，这个过程需要保护组织、专业机构向政府提供更多、更及时的专业建议，共建我们的美丽家园。”单凯说。

After receiving the information, the Dongying municipal government attached great importance to it and put forward the requirement of "ensuring the effective protection of bird habitat", and named the place as "Egret Garden Wetland". As a result, the birds' breeding grounds have been preserved and the road project has been diverted more than 200 meters north, with an additional investment of 50 million yuan. "It has become a social consensus to give priority to ecology and green development, and this process requires conservation organizations and professional institutions to provide more and more timely professional advice to the government to build a beautiful home for us." ChanKai said.

东营也有着“东方白鹳之乡”的美誉。2003年起，东方白鹳开始在黄河三角洲筑巢，东营成为这一濒危物种全球最重要的繁殖地之一。

Dongying is also known as the "hometown of Oriental storks". Since 2003, Oriental white storks have been nesting in the Yellow River Delta, making Dongying one of the world's most important breeding sites for the endangered species.

2016年，观鸟协会发现除了黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区外，东营境内还有大量东方白鹳分布，但对它们的状况还知之甚少。2017年，在拉网式调查中协会成员发现，保护区外足有36对东方白鹳栖息繁殖。让他们心痛的是，保护区外的所有鸟巢都在高压输电线路的塔架顶端，有部分鸟巢被电力部门巡线时拆除，这也意味着新的生命就此断绝。

In 2016, the birding association found a large population of Oriental white storks in Dongying, in addition to the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, but little is known about their status. In 2017, members of a trawl survey found 36 breeding pairs of Oriental white storks outside the reserve. To their heartache, all the nests outside the reserve are on top of pylons for high-voltage transmission lines, and some of them were removed by the power department during inspections, meaning new life was cut off.

“我们很理解电力工作者的苦衷，这种大型鸟类在高压输电塔架上筑巢容易引发线路故障，影响电网的可靠运行。”单凯介绍，协会于2019年1月协调多家电力公司和市森林公安局共同举办了座谈会，研究制定了“同塔移巢安置法”、改善塔架结构、在塔架安全位置安装人工巢架等多项措施，用科学手段解决保护与供电的矛盾。

"We understand that these large birds nesting on high-voltage transmission pylons can cause line failures and affect the reliable operation of the grid." Shan kai introduced that the association coordinated a number of electric power companies and the municipal Forest Public Security Bureau to jointly hold a symposium in January 2019, and developed a number of measures such as "the same tower nest relocation method", improve the structure of the tower, install artificial nest frame in the safe position of the tower, and solve the contradiction between protection and power supply with scientific means.

意识到东方白鹳的保护意义后，电力部门工作思路由拆巢驱鸟转变为守巢护鸟，并组建了护线爱鸟队，用心守护东方白鹳的“铁塔家园”。

After realizing the protection significance of the Oriental white stork, the work idea of the electric power department changed from demolishing the nest to guarding the nest and protecting the birds, and formed a bird protection team to guard the "tower home" of the Oriental white stork.

2022年3月28日，山东东营供电公司护线爱鸟队队员惊喜地发现，220千伏海裕线33号铁塔上的5只鸟宝宝全部成功破壳。截至2022年5月，巡检人员已在输电线路铁塔上发现了70多处东方白鹳鸟巢，这些铁塔上诞生的新生命频频登上热搜，成为东营新的城市名片。

On March 28, 2022, members of the bird loving team of Shandong Dongying Power Supply Company were pleasantly surprised to find that all the five baby birds on the tower no. 33 of the 220kV Haiyu Line were successfully hatched. By May 2022, inspection personnel had found more than 70 Oriental white stork nests on transmission line towers. The new lives born on these towers were frequently searched and became a new city name card of Dongying.

“把爱鸟护鸟知识送进社区、送进校园，能够影响的还是一小部分人，想让绝大部分市民认可保护生态环境，树立正确的生态观，需要政府行胜于言，起到表率作用。”单凯认为，电网向白鹳“妥协”、道路为白鹭“让道”，这本身就是一堂生动的自然教育课，“这堂课的受众是全体市民，他们能从中真切感受到发展理念的转变和政府扭转当前生物多样性丧失趋势的决心。”

"It is only a small number of people who can be influenced by the knowledge of bird love and protection brought to the community and the campus. In order for the vast majority of citizens to recognize the protection of the ecological environment and establish a correct ecological view, the government needs to act as an example, speaking louder than words." Shan believes that the "compromise" of power grid to storks and road to egrets is a vivid nature education lesson. "The audience of this lesson is all citizens, who can feel the change of development philosophy and the government's determination to reverse the current trend of biodiversity loss."

正如著名自然纪录片导演雅克·贝汉所言：“鸟的迁徙，是一个关于承诺的故事，一种对于回归的承诺。”单凯希望，这份承诺能够传承给我们的子孙后代，让纯净壮阔的大自然永葆生机。

As renowned nature documentary filmmaker Jacques Behan has said, "Bird migration is a story of promise, the promise of return." Shan hopes that this promise will be passed on to future generations, so that the pure and magnificent nature will always be alive.

29岁参与创建东营市观鸟协会时，与单凯并肩作战的队友仅寥寥数人；近18年过去，协会会员已达200多人，覆盖了科研人员、企业职工、教师、记者、学生、环保人士和摄影爱好者，其中更是不乏许多年轻的面孔。

At the age of 29, shan kai joined the founding of the Dongying Bird Watching Association with only a few of his teammates. Over the past 18 years, the association has more than 200 members, covering researchers, enterprise employees, teachers, journalists, students, environmentalists and photography enthusiasts, including many young faces.

“我们终将老去，但保护候鸟迁飞的事业永远年轻。”单凯说。（周梦爽）

"We will get old, but the cause of protecting migratory birds will always be young." ChanKai said. (Zhou Mengshuang)