黄伟芬详解空间站建造阶段首次载人飞行任务

Huang Weifen elaborates on the first manned mission during the construction phase of the space station

新华社酒泉6月4日电 题：详解空间站建造阶段首次载人飞行任务——访中国载人航天工程航天员系统总设计师黄伟芬

Jiuquan, June 4 (Xinhua) -- A detailed explanation of the first manned mission during the construction phase of the space station -- an interview with Huang Weifen, chief designer of the astronaut system of China's manned space project

新华社记者宋晨、李国利、胡喆

Xinhua News Agency: Song Chen, Li Guoli, Hu Zhe

中国载人航天工程办公室4日透露，经空间站阶段飞行任务总指挥部研究决定，神舟十四号飞行乘组由航天员陈冬、刘洋和蔡旭哲组成，3名航天员将进驻核心舱并在轨驻留6个月。这是中国空间站建造阶段，继2022年5月天舟四号货运飞船成功发射之后第二次飞行任务，也是该阶段首次载人飞行任务，将在轨完成空间站组装建造。从1992年作出实施载人航天工程“三步走”发展战略到如今神舟十四号整装待发，中国人的飞天梦伸向更远的天际。

The China Manned Space Engineering Office revealed on the 4th that the General Command of the space station phase of the mission has decided that the Shenzhou XIV flight crew will consist of astronauts Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe, and the three astronauts will be stationed in the core module and stay in orbit for six months. This is the second mission of the Chinese space station construction phase, following the successful launch of the Tianzhou IV cargo spacecraft in May 2022, and the first manned mission of this phase, which will complete the assembly and construction of the space station in orbit. From 1992, when the "three-step" development strategy for the implementation of manned space projects was made, to the present day, when Shenzhou 14 is ready for launch, the Chinese dream of flying into the heavens is reaching further and further.

神舟十四号飞行乘组的主要任务是什么？选拔标准有哪些？太空中的衣食住行有何新看点？中国载人航天工程航天员系统总设计师、中国航天员科研训练中心研究员黄伟芬接受了新华社记者的采访。

What are the main tasks of the Shenzhou XIV flight crew? What are the selection criteria? What's new in terms of clothing, food, housing and transportation in space? The chief designer of the astronaut system of the Chinese manned space project and researcher of the China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, Huang Weifen, was interviewed by Xinhua News Agency.

中国载人航天工程航天员系统总设计师、中国航天员科研训练中心研究员黄伟芬接受新华社记者采访。（新华社记者梅元龙 摄）

Huang Weifen, chief designer of the astronaut system of China's manned space project and researcher of the China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, is interviewed by Xinhua News Agency. (Photo by Mei Yuanlong, Xinhua News Agency)

9种组合体构型，5次交会对接……神舟十四号乘组任务复杂艰巨

A combination of 9 configurations, 5 rendezvous and docking ...... Shenzhou XIV crew has a complex and difficult task

记者：神舟十四号飞行乘组主要任务是什么？建设空间站的任务是否对航天员要求更多？

Reporter: What is the main mission of the Shenzhou XIV flight crew? Is the mission of building the space station more demanding for the astronauts?

黄伟芬：今年我们要有两次载人飞行任务，是我们空间站建造阶段的载人飞行任务。神舟十四号飞行乘组将要执行的是空间站建造阶段的首次载人飞行任务，承上启下，意义非常重大，对他们来说非常艰巨。

Huang Weifen: We are going to have two manned missions this year, the manned missions of our space station construction phase. The Shenzhou XIV crew is going to carry out the first manned mission during the construction phase of the space station, which is of great significance and very arduous for them.

在长达6个月的飞行中，航天员们要经历的飞行工况极为复杂，包括9种组合体构型，5次交会对接，3次分离撤离，2次转位任务。在这个过程中他们要进行状态监视，必要的时候实施手控操作进行交会对接；还要首次进驻问天舱和梦天舱两个实验舱来完成载人环境的建立；还要在这两个舱完成十几个科学实验机柜的解锁、安装等工作；以及日常组装、建造、维护维修等各方面工作。

During the six-month-long flight, the astronauts will have to go through extremely complex flight conditions, including nine combinations of configurations, five rendezvous and docking, three separations and evacuations, and two translocation missions. During this process they will have to carry out status monitoring and perform hand control operations for rendezvous and docking when necessary; they will also be stationed for the first time in two experimental capsules, the Ask Sky Module and the Dream Sky Module, to complete the establishment of the manned environment; they will also have to complete the unlocking and installation of a dozen scientific experiment cabinets in these two capsules; as well as daily assembly, construction, maintenance and repair work in various aspects.

值得注意的是，他们要首次利用气闸舱进行出舱活动。我们计划要做2至3次的出舱活动，是首次利用问天实验舱的小机械臂进行出舱。后面还会用小臂和大臂的组合臂进行出舱活动。这些都是全新的状态，对航天员而言挑战很大。他们还要进行太空授课，开展一些其他的空间教育活动及公益活动。

Notably, they are going to use the airlock module for the first time for an exit activity. We are planning to do two to three exit activities, the first using the small robotic arm of the Asking Experiment Module. Later on there will also be exit activities using a combination arm of the small arm and the large arm. These are all completely new conditions and are very challenging for the astronauts. They will also be teaching in space and carrying out a number of other space education activities and public service activities.

所以说这一次神舟十四号乘组的任务是极为复杂的，对航天员的应急和故障处置能力要求，也比以往更高。

So this time the mission of the Shenzhou XIV crew was extremely complex and demanded more than ever from the astronauts in terms of emergency and fault handling capabilities.

6月4日，执行神舟十四号载人飞行任务的3名乘组航天员陈冬（中）、刘洋（右）、蔡旭哲在酒泉卫星发射中心问天阁与媒体记者集体见面，并回答记者提问。（新华社记者李刚 摄）

The three crew members of the Shenzhou XIV manned mission, Chen Dong (centre), Liu Yang (right) and Cai Xuzhe, meet with reporters at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center's Qutian Pavilion on June 4 and answer questions from reporters. (Photo by Li Gang, Xinhua News Agency)

三位航天员共性是特别认真 未来会选拔第四、五批航天员

The three astronauts have in common that they are particularly conscientious and will select the fourth and fifth batches of astronauts in the future.

记者：神舟十四号乘组航天员的选拔基于什么规则，分别有怎样的考虑？

Reporter: What rules were used to select the astronauts for the Shenzhou XIV crew and what were the respective considerations?

黄伟芬：根据工程总体的规划，在空间站的关键技术验证和建造阶段，有4次载人飞行任务，我们在总结前期选拔经验的基础上，又根据空间站阶段的任务特点，调整了选拔策略，按照统筹规划、新老搭配、继承和发展的原则，来进行这4次任务飞行乘组的确定和选拔工作。我们挑选的是有飞行经验的航天员来担任指令长，每个乘组都如此。

Huang Weifen: In accordance with the overall planning of the project, there are four manned missions during the key technology verification and construction phase of the space station. On the basis of the previous selection experience, we have adjusted the selection strategy according to the mission characteristics of the space station phase, and carried out the identification and selection of the flight crews for these four missions in accordance with the principles of integrated planning, matching the old with the new, inheritance and development. We selected astronauts with flight experience to serve as commanders, as did each crew.

在乘组选拔的时候，我们分析每次任务特点及关键任务对航天员的要求，比如出舱活动等。同时考虑了每名航天员的个体特点与任务的匹配性，以及他们彼此之间的心理相容性，从而组成一个合适的乘组。我们要考虑年龄，也要考虑飞行经验等各方面因素，最后来综合确定。

During crew selection, we analyse the characteristics of each mission and the requirements of key tasks for the astronauts, such as exit activities. We also consider the individual characteristics of each astronaut to match the mission, as well as their psychological compatibility with each other, to form a suitable crew. We have to take into account age, but also flight experience and other aspects to finally come to a comprehensive determination.

他们三位航天员共性是特别认真，非常细致，爱学习爱钻研，很有团队精神，相容性都很好。

The three astronauts have in common that they are extremely conscientious, very meticulous, love to learn and study, are team players and are all very compatible.

他们三个也有不同的特点，陈冬作为指令长，特别自信，处事很果敢，雷厉风行。经常会在训练和实验中提出自己的意见和建议。刘洋非常有亲和力，语言表达能力很强。蔡旭哲很聪明，领悟能力比较强，对新事物新知识接受速度比较快。

The three of them also have different characteristics. Chen Dong is particularly confident as the head commander and is very bold and thunderous in his dealings. He will often give his opinion and suggestions in training and experiments. Liu Yang is very affable and has good verbal skills. Cai Xuzhe is very intelligent, has a relatively strong comprehension ability and is quick to accept new things and knowledge.

目前，我们已进行了三批航天员的选拔，未来会选拔第四、五批。航天员队伍建设始终要考虑国家载人航天工程总体规划、相应任务需求以及航天员队伍自身现状，我们会每隔一段时间定期选拔新的航天员加入航天队伍中。

Currently, we have conducted the selection of three batches of astronauts, and we will select the fourth and fifth batches in the future. Astronaut team building always takes into account the overall planning of the national manned space project, the corresponding mission requirements and the current situation of the astronaut team itself, and we will regularly select new astronauts to join the space team every now and then.

我们将根据任务的需要，扩大候选对象人群，培养各种专家类型的航天员，使航天员队伍始终保持规模适度、结构合理、综合素质优秀，能够满足当前和未来发展的需要。

We will expand the candidate population and train astronauts of various specialist types according to the needs of the mission, so that the astronaut corps will always remain moderate in size, reasonable in structure, excellent in overall quality and able to meet the needs of current and future development.

5月29日，神舟十四号载人飞船与长征二号F遥十四运载火箭组合体正在转往发射区途中。新华社发（汪江波 摄）

The combination of the Shenzhou XIV manned spacecraft and the Long March II-F Yao XIV launch vehicle is on its way to the launch area on May 29. Xinhua News Agency (Photo by Wang Jiangbo)

聚焦风险进行针对性训练 航天员太空衣食住行不断改进

Targeted training to focus on risks Astronauts' clothing, food and accommodation in space are constantly being improved

记者：您刚才讲到神舟十四号这次任务艰巨复杂，我们对航天员展开了哪些针对性训练？衣食住行有何新看点？

Reporter: You have just mentioned that the mission of Shenzhou 14 was difficult and complex, what targeted training did we provide for the astronauts? What are the new features of clothing, food, accommodation and transportation?

黄伟芬：我们从2017年3月开始，训练全面转向为空间站建设任务做准备。有一些训练是共性的，我们在八大类百余科目训练的基础上，针对神舟十四号任务的新特点、新任务、新状态、新变化进行了重点强化训练，聚焦关键任务进行训练，如低压环境出舱活动训练，出舱活动程序模拟器训练，利用虚拟现实训练器和机械臂操作训练台来进行协同训练和演练，使他们熟练掌握出舱活动的技能。

Huang Weifen: We began in March 2017, and trainings were fully shifted to prepare for the space station construction mission. There are a number of trainings that are common to all of them. Based on the training of more than 100 subjects in eight categories, we have focused on the new features, tasks, status and changes of the Shenzhou 14 mission to conduct intensive training, focusing on key tasks for training, such as training on low-pressure environment exiting activities, training on exiting activity procedure simulator, using virtual reality trainer and robotic arm operation training table to conduct collaborative training and rehearsal to make them proficient in the skills of exit activities.

还有就是就聚焦风险进行针对性训练，因为随着空间站的建成，组合体越来越复杂，飞行时间也很长，出问题的概率会增加。针对这些风险，我们要进行应急和故障处置的训练，如通过推演故障预案学习、实操训练和演练，对应急故障处置能力进行了强化训练，使航天员在出现这些紧急应急工况时，能够沉着、冷静、有效地进行处置。

There is also targeted training on focused risk, because as the space station is built, the assembly is becoming more and more complex and the flight time is long, the probability of problems will increase. In response to these risks, we have to carry out emergency and fault disposal training, such as through pushing the fault plan learning, practical training and exercises, the emergency fault disposal capability has been reinforced, so that astronauts can calmly, coolly and effectively dispose of these emergency working conditions when they occur.

最后就是针对长期飞行驻留进行持续强化训练，如物资的管理、体能训练、心理调适训练等。

The final step is to provide continuous intensive training for long stays, such as material management, physical training and psychological adjustment training.

此外，两个乘组要同时在轨工作和生活。我认为主要是对空间站系统，如再生保障系统的挑战。

Besides, both crews have to work and live in orbit at the same time. I think the main challenge is for the space station systems, such as the regeneration guarantee system.

对于航天员来讲，在地面组合体做实验时，有一个180天的空间站载人综合验证实验，在空间站的一个实验舱里每个乘组生活工作了30天。我们也进行了神舟十四号乘组和神舟十五号乘组的轮换工作实验。

For the astronauts, there was a 180-day manned integrated verification experiment on the space station when the experiment was done in the ground assembly, where each crew lived and worked for 30 days in an experiment module on the space station. We also carried out rotational work experiments with the Shenzhou XIV and Shenzhou XV crews.

未来乘组轮换将是常态，通过神舟十四号乘组和神舟十五号乘组在轨轮换，会为未来奠定一定基础，积累经验。

It will be the norm to rotate crews in the future. By rotating the Shenzhou 14 and Shenzhou 15 crews in orbit, a certain foundation will be laid and experience accumulated for the future.

再者，航天员在太空的衣食住行都要不断改进，因为衣食住行对飞行影响是很大的。航天员要住得好、生活好、工作好，给他们提供各种各样良好的保障和便利条件。

Additionally, the astronauts' clothing, food, housing and transport in space have to be constantly improved, because clothing, food, housing and transport have a great impact on the flight. Astronauts must be well housed, live well and work well, and be provided with a wide range of good safeguards and conveniences.

比如，这次的食品中增加了提子，因为提子吃起来比较方便，汁水不是特别多，肉质也比较密实。把它洗干净了，就可以吃下去。

For example, raisins were added to the food this time because they are easier to eat, not particularly juicy and have a denser flesh. Wash it well and you can eat it.

我们从神舟十三号开始，给航天员提供了个性化的服装，神舟十四号也是如此。

We have given astronauts personalised clothing since Shenzhou XIII, and the same applies to Shenzhou XIV.

神舟十二号和神舟十三号两个乘组圆满完成任务，他们返回后的状态都很好。通过他们在轨飞行的出色表现，验证了我们国家选拔训练技术和驻留保障技术的科学有效，也表明我们具备了能够使航天员完成长期飞行的驻留保障能力。这两次任务的成功实践，对我们后续改进很有帮助。

The two crews of Shenzhou XII and Shenzhou XIII completed their missions successfully, and they returned in good condition. Through their outstanding performance in orbit, we have verified the scientific effectiveness of our national selection and training techniques and our residency guarantee techniques, and have also demonstrated that we have the capability to enable astronauts to complete long-term flights. The successful practice of these two missions has helped us to make subsequent improvements.