飞机的操纵性

Maneuverability of aircraft

飞机的操纵性又可以称为飞机的操纵品质飞，是指飞机对操纵的反应特性。操纵则是飞行员通过驾驶机构改变飞机的飞行状态。

The maneuverability of the aircraft can also be called the control quality of the aircraft, which refers to the response characteristics of the aircraft to the control. Maneuvering is when the pilot changes the flight state of the aircraft through the steering mechanism.

操纵主要通过驾驶杆和脚蹬等驾驶机构来实现的。驾驶员推拉驾驶杆和踩脚蹬的力量被视为操纵的“输入量”，驾驶杆和脚蹬所产生的位移也可以被视为“输入量”，而飞机的反应，如迎角、侧滑角、过载、角速度、飞行速度的变化量等则视为操纵的“输出量”。

The control is mainly achieved through the driving mechanism such as the steering stick and the pedal. The force of the driver pushing and pulling the stick and pedaling is regarded as the "input" of the control, the displacement generated by the stick and pedaling can also be regarded as the "input", and the response of the aircraft, such as the Angle of attack, sideslip Angle, overload, angular speed, flight speed change, etc., is regarded as the "output" of the control.

飞机操纵品质的好坏是一个与飞行员有关的带一定主观色彩的问题，但是仍然有一些基本的标准来衡量飞机的操纵品质。操纵品质常以输入量和输出量的比值(操纵性指标)来表示，这些比值不宜过小，也不易过大。如果比值太小，则操纵输入量小，输出量大，这种飞机对操纵过于敏感，不仅难于精确控制，而且也容易因反应量过大而产生失速或结构损坏等问题;如果比值过大，则操纵输入量大，输出量小，飞机对操纵反应迟钝，容易使飞行员产生错误判断，也可能造成飞机的大幅度振荡，同样导致失速或结构破坏。如果飞机在作机动飞行时，不需要飞行员复杂的操纵动作，驾驶杆力和杆位移都适当，并且飞机的反映也不过快或者过分的延迟，那么就认为该飞机具有良好的操纵性。

The control is mainly achieved through the driving mechanism such as the steering stick and the pedal. The force of the driver's push and pull on the stick and pedal is considered as the "input" to the maneuver, the displacement of the stick and pedal can also be considered as the "input", and the response of the aircraft, Such as Angle of attack, sideshow Angle, overload, angular speed, flight speed changes, etc., are regarded as the control of the output aircraft control quality is a pilot related with a certain subjective color of the problem, but there are still some basic standards to measure the aircraft control quality. Control quality is often expressed by the ratio of input and output (maneuverability index), and these ratios should not be too small, nor too large. If the ratio is too small, the control input is small, the output is large, the aircraft is too sensitive to control, not only difficult to accurately control, but also easy to cause problems such as stalling or structural damage due to excessive response; If the ratio is too large, the control input is large, the output is small, the aircraft is slow to the control, easy to make the pilot wrong judgment, may also cause the aircraft to oscillate greatly, also lead to stall or structural damage. If the aircraft does not need the pilot's complex maneuvering actions, the pilot stick force and rod displacement are appropriate, and the aircraft's response is not too fast or excessive delay, then the aircraft is considered to have good maneuverability. The amount ".

按运动方向的不同，飞机的操纵也分为纵向、横向和航向操纵。

According to the different directions of motion, the control of the aircraft is also divided into longitudinal, transverse and heading control.

改变飞机纵向运动(如俯仰)的操纵称为纵向操纵，主要通过推、拉驾驶杆，使飞机的升降舵或全动平尾向下或向上偏转，产生俯仰力矩，使飞机作俯仰运动。

The control that changes the longitudinal motion (such as pitch) of the aircraft is called longitudinal control. It mainly deflects the elevator or full-motion flat tail of the aircraft downward or upward by pushing and pulling the steering rod to generate pitch torque and make the aircraft pitch.

使飞机绕机体纵轴旋转的操纵称为横向操纵，主要由偏转飞机的副翼来实现。当驾驶员向右压驾驶杆时右副翼上偏、左副翼下偏，使右翼升力减小、左翼升力增大，从而产生向右滚转的力矩，飞机向右滚;向左压杆时，情况完全相反，飞机向左滚转。

Maneuvering to rotate the aircraft around the longitudinal axis of the body is called lateral maneuvering and is mainly accomplished by deflecting the aircraft's ailerons. When the pilot presses the steering stick to the right, the right aileron turns upward and the left aileron turns downward, which reduces the right wing lift and increases the left wing lift, thus generating the right rolling torque and the aircraft rolls to the right. When the bar is pressed to the left, the situation is completely reversed, and the plane rolls to the left.

改变航向运动的操纵称为航向操纵，由驾驶员踩脚蹬，使方向舵偏转来实现。踩右脚蹬时，方向舵向右摆动，产生向右偏航力矩，飞机机头向右偏转;踩左脚蹬时正相反，机头向左偏转。实际飞行中，横向操纵和航向操纵是不可分的，经常是相互配合、协调进行，因此横向和航向操纵常合称为横航向操纵。

The control of changing course motion is called course control, which is realized by the driver stepping on the pedal and deflecting the rudder. When stepping on the right pedal, the rudder swings to the right, resulting in the right yawing moment, and the aircraft nose deflections to the right; On the left pedal, the opposite is true. The nose deflects to the left. In actual flight, lateral control and heading control are inseparable, often cooperate with each other and coordinate, so lateral and heading control are often called transverse and heading control.

飞机操纵性的好坏与飞机的稳定性之间存在着一定的排斥关系。如果飞机的焦点位置过于*后，飞机的稳定性很好，因此飞机抵抗飞行状态变化的力和力矩会很大，飞机对飞行员操纵的响应就会很慢，飞机的操纵性也就不好。反之，飞机的焦点*前，稳定性变差，飞机对操纵的响应变得灵敏，操纵特性变好。现代先进战斗机为了获得优良的操纵性和机动性，都将飞机设计称为气动不稳定的，而采用主动控制技术来控制飞机的稳定，从而实现好的操纵性。

There is a certain exclusion relationship between the maneuverability of the aircraft and the stability of the aircraft. If the focus position of the aircraft is too high, the stability of the aircraft is very good, so the force and torque of the aircraft to resist the change of flight state will be very large, the response of the aircraft to the pilot's control will be very slow, and the maneuverability of the aircraft is not good. On the contrary, the focus of the aircraft is the highest, the stability becomes worse, the response of the aircraft to the control becomes sensitive, and the control characteristics become better. In order to obtain excellent maneuverability and maneuverability, modern advanced fighter aircraft design is called aerodynamic instability, and the active control technology is used to control the stability of the aircraft, so as to achieve good maneuverability.